Fig. 5. Naringenin restores TNF-α-induced insulin resistance through activation of AMPK.

a Generation of ROS was monitored using 5 M DCFH-DA. Naringenin decreases ROS generated by TNF-α, which was abolished by dorsomorphin hydrochloride treatment. b Naringenin promoted the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane, which can also be attenuated by dorsomorphin hydrochloride administration. c The effect of Naringenin on promoting glucose uptake was abolished by orsomorphin hydrochloride treatment. DOR, dorsomorphin hydrochloride. All results performed above are presented as mean ± SD. n = 6. ^#p < 0.05 compared with untreated cells stimulated by insulin at the same dose. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. n.s, not significant. d Western blot was performed to detect the active AMPK (p-AMPK) and total AMPK in the SM of different groups of mice. The p-AMPK /AMPK ration was also calculated. Shown are representative results from three independent experiments. ^#p < 0.05 compared with wild-type group. **p < 0.01 between the comparison of GDM group and GDM + NAR group