Table 1.
Bifidobacterial extracellular molecules and/or metabolites exerting an immunological effect.
| Strains | Molecules | Target | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B. bifidum PRL2010 | Sortase-dependent pili | Macrophages | Induction of high level of TNF-α and reduced expression of IL-12 | (48) |
| Bacteria-like particles exposing PRL2010 sortase-dependent pili major subunit | TNBS-induced colitic mice | Reduction of colitis symptoms | (49) | |
| B. breve UCC2003 | Tad pili | Epithelial cells | Stimulation of the intestinal mucosa/mucosal homeostasis | (50) |
| EPS | Mice splenocytes | Reduction of proinflammatory cytokines (IFN-α, TNF-α, and IL-12) | (51) | |
| Escherichia coli 0111:B4 lipopolysaccharides-injected mice | Reduction of apoptotic epithelial cell shedding and inflammatory response | (52) | ||
| B. animalis subsp. lactis A1dOxR | EPS | PBMCs | Lower release of inflammatory cytokines | (53) |
| B. adolescentis IF1-03 | EPS | RAW264.7 macrophages or mice splenocytes | Production of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-6, and TGF-β) and increased proportion of the Treg cells | (54) |
| DSS-induced colitis mice | Induction of high levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, reduction of the ulceration area and thickening of the intestinal wall | (54) | ||
| B. longum subsp. longum YS108R | Ropy-EPS | DSS-induced colitis mice | Reduction of colonic injury, myeloperoxidase activity and inflammatory cell infiltrations and preservation of the crypt structures from damage. Reduction of IL-6 and IL-17 and accumulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 | (55) |
| B. longum subsp. longum 35624 | EPS | T cell transfer colitis model mice | Prevention of colitis related symptoms | (56) |
| Ovalbumin respiratory allergy model mice | Enhanced recruitment of IL-17+ lymphocytes to the lung | (57) | ||
| Suppression of Th2 type immune response in lungs | (57) | |||
| B. longum subsp. longum NCC2705 | Serpin | Peptic-tryptic digestion of gliadin-sensitized mice | Protection against gliadin-induced immunopathology | (58) |
| Acetate (produced by diet-derived glycans degradation) | E. rectale ATCC 33656 | Butyrogenic and bifidogenic effects | (59) | |
| B. bifidum MIMBb75 | TagA | Human DCs | Activation/proliferation of DCs and induction of IL-2 | (60) |
| BopA | Caco-2 cells | Probably involved in stimulating IL-8 production | (61) | |
| B. adolescentis L2-32 | Acetate (produced by diet-derived glycans degradation) | F. prausnitzii S3L/3 | Butyrogenic effect | (62) |
| F. prausnitzii A2-165 | Butyrogenic effect | (62) | ||
| B. bifidum strains | Acetate (produced by mucin degradation) | E. hallii DSM 3353 | Butyrate and propionate production | (63) |
| B. longum subsp. infantis | Acetate (produced by HMO degradation) | E. hallii DSM 3353 | Butyrate, propionate, and formate production | (64) |