TABLE 1.
Hippo signaling kinases in cardiac development and disease.
| Genes | Model | Cardiac phenotypes | References |
| Mst1/2 | Nkx2.5Cre/+;Mst1f/f; Mst2f/f | Cardiomegaly due to increased cardiomyocyte proliferation. | Heallen et al., 2011 |
| Mst1–/–; Mst2–/– | Developmental defects, Embryonic death between E9.5–E10.5. | Oh et al., 2009; Song et al., 2010 | |
| CAGGCre–ER; Mst1–/–; Mst2f/– | Enlarged heart (partial penetrance). | Song et al., 2010 | |
| αMHC-Mst1 Tg | Premature death (∼P15) due to heart failure, increased cardiomyocyte apoptosis, fibrosis and dilated cardiomyopathy. | Yamamoto et al., 2003 | |
| αMHC-Mst1K59R Tg | No premature death, no sign of heart failure, reduced apoptosis after I/R injury, reduced apoptosis and fibrosis, no effect on cardiac hypertrophy. | Yamamoto et al., 2003; Odashima et al., 2007 | |
| Mst2–/– | No cardiac defects at the basal condition. Reduction of hypertrophy and fibrosis in response to pressure overload. | Oh et al., 2009; Zi et al., 2014 | |
| Mst1–/– | No cardiac defects at the basal condition. | Oh et al., 2009 | |
| α-MHCMerCreMer:Mst1f/+ | Decreased Angiotensin II-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis. | Cheng et al., 2019 | |
| Lats1/2 | Lats2–/– | Ventricular hypoplasia (partial penetrance). Embryonic lethality at E10.5. | McPherson et al., 2004 |
| Nkx2.5Cre/+;Lats2f/f | Cardiomegaly due to increased cardiomyocyte proliferation. | Heallen et al., 2011 | |
| α-MHC-Lats2 Tg | Reduction in the size of the left and right ventricles, reduced left ventricular systolic and diastolic function without affecting baseline apoptosis. | Matsui et al., 2008 | |
| α-MHC-Lats2K697A Tg | Ventricular hypertrophy, reduced cardiac myocyte apoptosis induced by TAC. | Matsui et al., 2008 | |
| Myh6CreERT2;Lats1f/f;Lats2f/f | Increased cardiomyocyte proliferation, improved regeneration after apical resection. | Heallen et al., 2013 | |
| Wt1CreERT2;Lats1f/f;Lats2f/f | Embryonic lethality, defective coronary vasculature remodeling, and impaired differentiation into fibroblasts. | Xiao et al., 2018 | |
| Sav1 | Nkx2.5Cre/+;Salvf/f | Cardiomegaly due to increased cardiomyocyte proliferation. | Heallen et al., 2011 |
| Myh6CreERT2;Salvf/f | Increased cardiomyocyte renewal, increased cardiomyocyte proliferation, improved regeneration after apical resection or MI. | Heallen et al., 2013 |