TABLE 1.
Maternal characteristics by HIV infection status.
| Variable | Total |
HIV uninfected |
HIV infected |
HIV status unknown |
HIV status association p‡ | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % | IQR† | N | % | IQR† | N | % | IQR† | N | % | IQR† | ||
| Number of mothers | 10 417 | - | - | 6280 | 60.3 | - | 4013 | 38.5 | - | 124 | 1.2 | - | - |
| Maternal age | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| < 18 years | 704 | 6.8 | - | 620 | 9.9 | - | 73 | 1.8 | - | 11 | 8.9 | - | - |
| 18–35 years | 8596 | 82.5 | - | 5197 | 82.8 | - | 3299 | 82.2 | - | 100 | 80.6 | - | - |
| > 35 years | 1106 | 10.6 | - | 463 | 7.4 | - | 640 | 15.9 | - | 3 | 2.4 | - | - |
| Unknown | 11 | 0.1 | - | 0 | 0 | - | 1 | 0.0 | - | 10 | 8.1 | - | - |
| Median | 25 | - | 21–30 | 23 | - | 20–27 | 28 | - | 23–32 | 22 | - | 19–26 | < 0.001 |
| Education | 0.214 | ||||||||||||
| None/primary | 808 | 7.76 | - | 471 | 7.5 | - | 328 | 8.2 | - | 9 | 7.3 | - | - |
| Secondary/Tertiary | 9538 | 91.6 | - | 5773 | 91.9 | - | 3665 | 91.3 | - | 97 | 78.2 | - | - |
| Unknown | 71 | 0.7 | - | 33 | 0.5 | - | 20 | 0.5 | - | 18 | 14.5 | - | - |
| Currently employed | 1393 | 13.4 | - | 696 | 11.1 | - | 689 | 17.2 | - | 8 | 6.5 | < 0.001 | |
| Gravidity | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 1 | 4060 | 39.0 | - | 3127 | 49.8 | - | 889 | 22.2 | - | 44 | 35.5 | - | - |
| 2 | 3509 | 33.7 | - | 1857 | 29.6 | - | 1610 | 40.1 | - | 42 | 33.9 | - | - |
| > 3 | 2807 | 27.0 | - | 1283 | 20.4 | - | 1500 | 37.4 | - | 24 | 19.4 | - | - |
| Unknown | 41 | 0.4 | - | 13 | 0.2 | - | 14 | 0.4 | - | 14 | 11.3 | - | - |
| Median | 2 | - | 1–3 | 2 | - | 1–2 | 2 | - | 2–3 | 2 | - | 1–2 | < 0.001 |
| Parity | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 0 | 4309 | 41.4 | - | 3265 | 52.0 | - | 998 | 24.9 | - | 46 | 37.1 | - | - |
| 1–2 | 5285 | 50.7 | - | 2602 | 41.4 | - | 2613 | 65.1 | - | 60 | 48.4 | - | - |
| > 2 | 809 | 7.8 | - | 409 | 6.5 | - | 396 | 9.9 | - | 4 | 3.2 | - | - |
| Unknown | 24 | 0.2 | - | 4 | 0.1 | - | 6 | 0.1 | - | 14 | 11.3 | - | - |
| Alcohol use during pregnancy | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| Non-user | 9352 | 89.8 | - | 5724 | 91.1 | - | 3542 | 88.3 | - | 86 | 69.4 | - | - |
| Past user | 786 | 7.6 | - | 407 | 6.5 | - | 370 | 9.2 | - | 9 | 7.3 | - | - |
| User | 23 | 0.2 | - | 9 | 0.1 | - | 13 | 0.3 | - | 1 | 0.8 | - | - |
| Unknown | 256 | 2.5 | - | 140 | 2.2 | - | 88 | 2.2 | - | 28 | 22.6 | - | - |
| Tobacco use during pregnancy | 0.003 | ||||||||||||
| Non-user | 9766 | 93.75 | - | 593 | 94.4 | - | 3744 | 93.3 | - | 91 | 73.4 | - | - |
| Past user | 370 | 3.55 | - | 192 | 3.1 | - | 174 | 4.3 | - | 4 | 3.2 | - | - |
| User | 9 | 0.09 | - | 5 | 0.1 | - | 4 | 0.1 | - | 0 | 0.0 | - | - |
| Unknown | 272 | 2.61 | - | 152 | 2.4 | - | 91 | 2.3 | - | 23 | 4.0 | - | - |
| Illicit substance use during pregnancy | 0.003 | ||||||||||||
| Non-user | 9770 | 93.8 | - | 5930 | 94.4 | - | 3748 | 93.4 | - | 92 | 74.2 | - | - |
| Past user | 364 | 3.5 | - | 192 | 3.1 | - | 168 | 4.2 | - | 4 | 3.2 | - | - |
| User | 4 | 0.04 | - | 1 | 0.0 | - | 3 | 0.1 | - | 0 | 0.0 | - | - |
| Unknown | 279 | 2.7 | - | 157 | 2.5 | - | 94 | 2.3 | - | 28 | 22.6 | - | - |
| Gestational age at first ANC | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| < 12 weeks | 500 | 4.8 | - | 275 | 4.4 | - | 224 | 5.6 | - | 1 | 0.8 | - | - |
| 12 to 20 weeks | 4057 | 39.0 | - | 2415 | 38.5 | - | 1632 | 40.7 | - | 10 | 8.1 | - | - |
| 21 to 28 weeks | 3399 | 32.6 | - | 2145 | 34.2 | - | 1240 | 30.9 | - | 14 | 11.3 | - | - |
| > 28 weeks | 1092 | 10.9 | - | 681 | 10.8 | - | 405 | 10.1 | - | 6 | 4.8 | - | - |
| Unknown | 1369 | 13.1 | - | 764 | 12.2 | - | 512 | 12.8 | - | 93 | 75 | - | - |
| Median age | 20 | - | 16-26 | 21 | - | 16-26 | 20 | - | 16-25 | 24 | - | 18-28 | < 0.001 |
| Number of ANC visits during current pregnancy | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
| 0–3 ANC visits | 2658 | 25.52 | - | 1715 | 27.3 | - | 932 | 23.2 | - | 17 | 13.7 | - | - |
| > 4 ANC visits | 7341 | 70.47 | - | 4381 | 69.8 | - | 2944 | 73.4 | - | 16 | 12.9 | - | - |
| Unknown | 418 | 4.01 | - | 190 | 3.0 | - | 137 | 3.4 | - | 91 | 73.4 | - | - |
| Median | 5 | - | 3-6 | 5 | - | 3-6 | 5 | - | 4-7 | 3 | - | 2-6 | < 0.001 |
| Reported previous adverse pregnancy outcomes (N = 6316)§ | 344 | 5.4 | - | 151 | 2.4 | - | 192 | 4.8 | - | 1 | 0.8 | - | 0.05 |
| Medical conditions | |||||||||||||
| Pre-existing diabetes | 34 | 0.3 | - | 26 | 0.4 | - | 8 | 0.2 | - | 0 | 0.0 | - | 0.077 |
| Epilepsy | 53 | 0.5 | - | 28 | 0.4 | - | 24 | 0.6 | - | 1 | 0.8 | - | 0.217 |
| Tuberculosis (TB) | 202 | 1.9 | - | 53 | 0.8 | - | 148 | 3.7 | - | 1 | 0.8 | - | < 0.001 |
| Syphilis | 177 | 1.7 | - | 81 | 1.3 | - | 96 | 2.4 | - | 0 | 0.0 | - | < 0.001 |
†
, IQR – Interquartile Range; ANC – Antenatal Care.
‡
, The hypothesis in each case is that there is no association between known HIV-status and the characteristic described. At a 5% level of significance, a p-value of less than 0.05 can be interpreted as a significant association between HIV status and the given characteristic.
§
, Analysis excludes primagravidae.