TABLE 7.

Studies investigating the effects of choline metabolites on depressive-like behavior.

Treatment	Species or strain	Model	Behavioral outcomes	Molecular mechanisms	Reference
Methyl donor supplementation (choline, betaine, folate, vitamin B12) for 18 weeks	Wistar rats	ELS (maternal separation)	↓depressive behavior in the Porsolt FST	normalisation of total and HDL-cholesterol; ↑total DNA methylation and ↑hippocampal (not hypothalamic) expression of the insulin receptor	[213]

HDL: High-Density Lipoprotein; FST: Forced Swim Test.