Table 2.
The incidence of perioperative stroke for the state of California in different surgical categories
| Surgical category | Male |
Female |
Overall (2008–2011) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2010 | 2011 | 2010 | 2011 | ||
| Neurosurgery | 225 (1.34) | 216 (1.31) | 190 (1.42) | 188 (1.50) | 1,594 (1.25) |
| Ventricular shunt to extracranial site | * (1.85) | * (2.99) | * (8.00) | * (10.91) | 23 (5.65) |
| Craniotomy and craniectomy; reopening of craniotomy site | * (6.25) | * (4.65) | * (12.82) | 0 (0) | 18 (5.49) |
| Other incision of brain | 14 (4.08) | 29 (7.32) | 14 (5.74) | 14 (5.24) | 138 (5.25) |
| Other craniectomy | * (4.55) | 12 (8.05) | * (6.20) | * (2.13) | 46 (4.56) |
| Incision of cerebral meninges | 65 (3.62) | 47 (2.60) | 34 (3.90) | 36 (4.12) | 357 (3.27) |
| Cardiac | 446 (0.90) | 434 (0.92) | 292 (1.24) | 320 (1.43) | 2,871 (0.98) |
| Insertion of implantable heart assist system | * (4.44) | * (3.45) | * (11.11) | * (11.76) | 27 (5.7) |
| Open heart valvuloplasty of aortic valve without replacement | * (3.97) | * (4.67) | * (8.00) | * (6.41) | 31 (4.22) |
| Open and other replacement of aortic valve with tissue graft | 65 (2.49) | 60 (2.21) | 41 (2.79) | 46 (3.03) | 416 (2.61) |
| Implant of pulsation balloon | 24 (1.98) | 29 (2.25) | 14 (2.55) | * (1.33) | 151 (2.18) |
| (Aorto)coronary bypass of three coronary arteries | 47 (1.83) | 43 (1.75) | 17 (2.32) | 16 (2.25) | 238 (1.78) |
| Vascular | 369 (0.91) | 367 (0.91) | 443 (1.28) | 431 (1.26) | 3,170 (1.07) |
| Endovascular removal of obstruction from head and neck vessel(s) | 27 (17.88) | 25 (18.25) | 34 (26.56) | 36 (24.49) | 171 (18.47) |
| Extracranial-intracranial vascular bypass | * (20.69) | * (0.09) | * (15.00) | 10 (15.87) | 60 (13.82) |
| Clipping of aneurysm | 17 (8.37) | 21 (11.23) | 51 (10.30) | 47 (9.44) | 294 (10.29) |
| Endarterectomy; other vessels of head and neck | 56 (1.45) | 59 (1.59) | 49 (1.86) | 57 (2.31) | 433 (1.59) |
| Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty | 111 (0.39) | 109 (0.41) | 81 (0.63) | 103 (0.86) | 761 (0.46) |
| Organ transplant | 10 (1.72) | 10 (1.63) | * (2.56) | 11 (2.94) | 74 (1.90) |
| Heart transplantation | * (3.47) | * (4.29) | * (1.79) | * (7.94) | 31 (3.51) |
| Combined heart-lung transplantation | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (3.3) |
| Bilateral lung transplantation | * (1.82) | * (1.69) | * (4.17) | * (1.82) | * (1.58) |
| Other transplant of liver | * (1.25) | * (0.60) | * (3.19) | * (1.97) | 31 (1.48) |
| Pancreatic transplant, not otherwise specified | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (1.79) |
| Respiratory/Thoracic | 61 (0.43) | 48 (0.33) | 54 (0.42) | 68 (0.52) | 428 (0.39) |
| Reopening of recent thoracotomy site | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (13.33) | * (7.14) | * (2.78) |
| Other and unspecified pneumonectomy | * (3.03) | 0 (0) | * (2.99) | * (3.92) | * (1.55) |
| Other lobectomy of lung | * (0.55) | * (0.45) | * (0.75) | * (0.38) | 37 (0.57) |
| Decortication of lung | * (0.39) | * (0.39) | * (0.44) | * (0.48) | 15 (0.48) |
| Thoracoscopic excision of lesion or tissue of lung | * (0.44) | * (0.27) | * (0.36) | * (0.54) | 31 (0.37) |
| Endocrine | 12 (0.45) | 13 (0.52) | 22 (0.29) | 14 (0.20) | 109 (0.25) |
| Partial excision of pituitary gland, transfrontal approach | * (12.50) | * (6.06) | * (21.43) | * (9.52) | 25 (10.16) |
| Partial excision of pineal gland | 0 (0) | * (33.33) | * (16.67) | 0 (0) | * (3.13) |
| Division of thyroid isthmus | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (33.33) | 0 (0) | * (3.77) |
| Unilateral adrenalectomy | * (0.57) | 0 (0) | * (0.40) | * (0.38) | * (0.33) |
| Complete thyroidectomy | * (0.14) | 0 (0) | * (0.03) | * (0.04) | * (0.04) |
| Gastrointestinal | 153 (0.23) | 119 (0.18) | 168 (0.20) | 178 (0.21) | 1,193 (0.19) |
| Open total intra-abdominal colectomy | * (0.40) | * (0.36) | * (1.44) | * (0.77) | 17 (0.98) |
| Open and other left hemicolectomy | * (0.56) | * (1.11) | * (1.03) | * (0.79) | 56 (0.83) |
| Exploratory laparotomy | * (0.35) | * (0.38) | * (0.81) | * (0.98) | 28 (0.64) |
| Other partial resection of small intestine | 13 (0.56) | 14 (0.61) | 16 (0.58) | 21 (0.73) | 121 (0.61) |
| Cholecystectomy | 13 (0.61) | * (0.34) | * (0.29) | * (0.15) | 57 (0.32) |
| Ophthalmic | * (25) | * (0.09) | * (0.13) | 0 (0) | 12 (0.15) |
| Other removal or destruction of corneal lesion | * (100.00) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (9.9) |
| Other extracapsular extraction of lens | 0 (0) | (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (4.17) |
| Other repair of retinal detachment | * (10.00) | (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (2.78) |
| Other operations on vitreous | 0 (0) | (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (1.67) |
| Suture of corneal laceration | 0 (0) | (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.36) |
| Blood/Lymphatic | * (0.24) | * (0.26) | 11 (0.17) | 16 (0.27) | 88 (0.24) |
| Total splenectomy | * (0.19) | * (0.56) | * (0.96) | * (0.68) | 23 (0.56) |
| Radical excision of periaortic lymph nodes | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.64) | (0) | * (0.55) |
| Biopsy of lymphatic structure | * (0.031) | * (0.20) | * (0.24) | * (0.38) | 36 (0.34) |
| Radical neck dissection, unilateral | * (0.45) | * (0.15) | 0 (0) | * (0.61) | 10 (0.24) |
| Excision of axillary lymph node | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.05) | * (0.02) |
| Musculoskeletal | 180 (0.19) | 185 (0.19) | 257 (0.22) | 248 (0.21) | 1,719 (0.20) |
| Amputation above knee | * (0.60) | * (0.58) | * (1.50) | * (1.29) | 53 (1.06) |
| Atlas-axis spinal fusion | * (1.37) | * (0.78) | * (0.60) | * (0.61) | 11 (0.92) |
| Other amputation below knee | * (0.50) | 13 (0.87) | 11 (1.72) | * (0.92) | 66 (0.75) |
| Partial hip replacement | 21 (0.77) | 22 (0.82) | 51 (0.80) | 36 (0.57) | 250 (0.68) |
| Open reduction of fracture with internal fixation; femur | 19 (0.45) | 28 (0.66) | 39 (0.47) | 38 (0.46) | 275 (0.54) |
| Urology | 24 (0.18) | 38 (0.29) | 22 (0.20) | 17 (0.16) | 214 (0.22) |
| Nephroureterectomy | * (0.24) | * (0.30) | * (0.35) | * (0.25) | 45 (0.27) |
| Percutaneous nephrostomy without fragmentation | * (0.25) | * (0.40) | * (0.37) | * (0.33) | 41 (0.41) |
| Radical cystectomy | * (0.46) | * (0.47) | * (0.92) | 0 (0) | 14 (0.45) |
| Other transurethral excision or destruction of lesion or tissue of bladder | * (0.16) | * (0.22) | * (0.65) | 0 (0) | 28 (0.28) |
| Control of (postoperative) hemorrhage of bladder | * (0.82) | * (3.57) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.96) |
| Reproductive male | 12 (0.06) | 22 (0.10) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 66 (0.08) |
| Other transurethral prostatectomy | * (0.08) | 11 (20) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 33 (0.13) |
| Control of (postoperative) hemorrhage of prostate | * (1.69) | * (0.81) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.89) |
| Radical prostatectomy | * (0.05) | * (0.07) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 12 (0.04) |
| Unilateral orchiectomy | 0 (0) | * (0.31) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.7) |
| Removal of both testes at same operative episode | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.56) |
| OBGYN | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 30 (0.01) | 21 (0.01) | 110 (0.01) |
| Low cervical cesarean section | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 11 (0.01) | 10 (0.01) | 41 (0.01) |
| Other and unspecified total abdominal hysterectomy | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.06) | * (0.02) | 27 (0.04) |
| Other removal of both ovaries and tubes at same operative episode | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | (0) | * (0.13) | * (0.11) |
| Laparoscopic total abdominal hysterectomy | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.03) | * (0.04) | * (0.03) |
| Classical cesarean section | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.12) | 0 (0) | * (0.6) |
| Breast and skin | * (0.019) | * (0.19) | * (0.05) | 11 (0.10) | 52 (0.08) |
| Fat graft of skin and subcutaneous tissue | 0 (0) | * (3.23) | 0 (0) | * (2.17) | * (2.06) |
| Bilateral simple mastectomy | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.34) | * (0.8) |
| Removal of implant of breast | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.8) |
| Other free skin graft to other sites | * (0.27) | * (0.17) | * (0.47) | * (0.15) | 15 (0.21) |
| Homograft to skin | * (0.56) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (0.34) |
| ENT | * (0.12) | * (0.18) | * (0.17) | * (0.22) | 59 (0.15) |
| Sphenoidectomy | 0 (0) | * (5.00) | * (3.85) | 0 (0) | * (4.37) |
| Incision of multiple nasal sinuses | 0 (0) | * (25.00) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (4.35) |
| Sphenoidotomy | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (3.31) |
| Control of epistaxis by ligation of ethmoidal arteries | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (2.7) |
| Ethmoidectomy | * (1.37) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | * (1.54) | * (0.62) |
Values are presented as number (%). The incidence of perioperative stroke for the state of California in different surgical categories with five subcategories that had the combined highest procedure frequency, stroke number, and stroke incidence according to their International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes in 2010 and 2011 for both sexes, as well as their incidence during 2008 to 2011.
OBGYN, obstetrics and gynecology; ENT, ear, nose, throat.
*
Any results showing numbers less than 10 patients to maintain patient privacy.