Table 1.
Detailed summary of each article included in this review
| Study | Outcome studied (definition) | Cohort size (n) | Variable studied | Influence |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adams et al. (1999) [12] | 7-day and 3-mo outcome (measured by Barthel Index and the Glasgow Outcome Scale) | 1,281 | Stroke severity | Association |
| Kugler et al. (2003) [16] | Early recovery at 24 hr and 1 wk (Barthel Index) | 2,219 | Age | Week influence (only at 1 wk) |
| Siegler et al. (2013) [18] | END (increase in NIHSS score of ≥2 points within 24 hr) | 366 | Age | Independent association |
| Sex | No association | |||
| Stroke severity | Independent association | |||
| Yeo et al. (2013) [19] | ENI (reduction of ≥10 points on NIHSS score, or score of 4 or less, at 2 hr); CNI (reduction in NIHSS score of ≥8 points between 2 and 24 hr, or an NIHSS score of ≤4 at 24 hr) | 263 | Age | Non-independent association |
| Sex | Female gender associated with CNI | |||
| Stroke severity | Independent predictor of CNI | |||
| Naess et al. (2014) [20] | 7-day NIHSS, neurological worsening, mortality | 1,867 | Age | >80 yr associated with worse outcome |
| Boehm et al. (2014) [21] | END (increase of ≥2 points on NIHSS score during first 24 hr after hospitalization) | 4,925 | Age | Covariate |
| Sex | Non-independent association | |||
| Ethnicity | Non-independent association | |||
| Geng et al. (2017) [22] | END (increase of ≥2 points on NIHSS score during 1st wk after stroke) | 1,064 | Age | No association |
| Sex | No association | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | Association with END | |||
| Hyperlipidemia | LDL and total cholesterol were associated with END, but not triglycerides | |||
| Body mass index | No association with END | |||
| Hassaballa et al. (2001) [25] | 7-day and 3-mo outcome (measured by Glasgow Outcome Scale) | 1,093 | Ethnicity | No association |
| Machumpu-rath et al. (2011) [26] | ENR (improvement at least 50% on NIHSS score within 24 hr) | 161 | Diabetes mellitus | Association (hyperglycemia patients were less likely to have ENR) |
| Roquer et al. (2014) [27] | END (increase of ≥4 points on NIHSS score during first 72 hr after stroke) | Diabetes mellitus | Association with END | |
| Tang et al. (2016) [28] | Favorable neurological outcome (decrease of ≥4 points on NIHSS score or score of 0 at 24 hr, decrease of ≥8 points on NIHSS score or an score of 0 at 7 days; good functional outcome (mRS 0–1) at 3 mo | 419 | Diabetes mellitus | Predictor of unfavorable outcome |
| Yi et al. (2016) [29] | END (increase of ≥2 points on NIHSS score within 10 days after admission) | 426 | Diabetes mellitus | Association with END |
| Hui et al. (2018) [30] | END (increase of ≥2 points on NIHSS score within 5 days after stroke) | 336 | Diabetes mellitus | Association with END |
| Forlivesi et al. (2018) [31] | No neurological improvement (NIHSS score at 24 hr ≥NIHSS score at baseline) | 200 | Diabetes mellitus | Association with END |
| Vlcek et al. (2003) [32] | 5-day outcome (Rankin Scale score >2 was defined as poor outcome) | 372 | Blood pressure | Independent association with poor outcome (high diastolic BP) |
| Castillo et al. (2004) [33] | END (diminution on Canadian Stroke Scale of ≥1 points within first 48 hr); neurological outcome and mortality at 3 mo | 304 | Blood pressure | Extreme values of BP were associated with poor outcome |
| Pezzini et al. (2011) [34] | END (increase of ≥4 points on NIHSS score at 48 hr); 90-day functional status (measured by mRS) | 264 | Blood pressure | Association, but dependent on stroke etiology |
| Geeganage et al. (2011) [35] | Death or neurological deterioration at 10 days | 1,479 | Blood pressure | Association (high systolic BP) |
| Kvistad et al. (2013) [36] | CNR (no ischemic stroke symptoms at 24 hr); favorable short-term outcome (7-day mRS score of 0-1) | 749 | Blood pressure | No association |
| Chung et al. (2015) [37] | END within 72 hr (increase of NIHSS score of ≥2 points) | 1,116 | Blood pressure | Independent association with END (high systolic BP) |
| Gill et al. (2016) [38] | Early neurological outcome (improvement of NIHSS score at 24 hr) | 327 | Blood pressure | Independent association with ENR (low diastolic BP) |
| Kellert et al. (2017) [39] | ENI (improvement of ≥20% on NIHSS score, or improvement of ≥8 points on NIHSS score); long-term functional outcome (mRS at 90 days) | 28,976 | Blood pressure | No association |
| Kang et al. (2017) [40] | END (worsening by 2 points on NIHSS score) at 1,2 and 3 days | 2,545 | Blood pressure | Independent association (systolic BP) |
| Keezer et al. (2008) [41] | Poor outcome at 10 days (Rankin Scale score >3) | 364 | Blood pressure | Independent association with poor outcome (high and low BP values) |
| Sare et al. (2009) [42] | Neurological impairment (high 7-day NIHSS score than median NIHSS score); 90-day functional outcome (measured by mRS) | 1,722 | Blood pressure | Association with neurological impairment and poor outcome (high systolic BP) |
| Zhang et al. (2018) [43] | END (increase in NIHSS score ≥4 or increase in Ia of NIHSS ≥1 within 72 hr after recanalization treatment) | 278 | Blood pressure | Independent association (high systolic BP) |
| Stroke etiology | Independent association in intravenous treated patients (large artery occlusion) | |||
| Sanák et al. (2010) [45] | 24 hr and 7-day NIHSS score; 7-day mortality | 157 | Atrial fibrillation | Association with 7-day mortality |
| Yaghi et al. (2016) [46] | ENR (decrease of ≥8 points in NIHSS score, or score of 0–1 at 24 hr) | 306 | Atrial fibrillation | Significantly more present on non-ENR group; independent negative association with ENR |
| Restrepo et al. (2009) [47] | 7-day NIHSS score | 142 | Hyperlipidemia | Association with hyperlipidemia history |
| Choi et al. (2012) [48] | END (increase in NIHSS score of ≥4 at 24 hr) or ENR (reduction of NIHSS score of ≥4) within a week after stroke onset | 736 | Hyperlipidemia | Extreme triglyceride levels associated with poor outcome |
| Branscheidt et al. (2016) [51] | ENR (improve >40% on NIHSS score at 24 hr); good outcome (mRS 0–1), favorable outcome (mRS 0–2) and mortality at 3 mo | 896 | Body mass index | No association |
| Power et al. (2013) [53] | NIHSS score at baseline and 24 hr | 229 | Renal dysfunction | Association |
| Lo et al. (2015) [54] | NIHSS improvement at 24 hr post-thrombolysis; 3-mo functional independence; 30-day mortality | 199 | Renal dysfunction | No association |
| Yu et al. (2009) [56] | 10-day functional outcome (mRS) | 339 | Prior statin treatment | Association |
| Prior antithrombotic treatment | No association | |||
| Ní Chróinín et al. (2011) [58] | 7- and 28-day functional outcome (mRS); 7-, 28-, 90-day, and 1-yr mortality | 448 | Prior statin treatment | Associated with good outcome |
| Tsivgoulis et al. (2015) [59] | ECR (reduction of ≥10 points NIHSS score at 24 hr); good functional outcome (mRS 0–1) and mortality at 3 mo | 1,660 | Prior statin treatment | Association with ECR |
| Yi et al. (2017) [60] | Neurological deterioration (increase of 2 points of NIHSS during 10 days after admission) | 1,124 | Prior statin treatment | Concomitant use of antiplatelet and statins was associated with a favorable outcome |
| Prior antithrombotic treatment | Concomitant use of antiplatelet and statins was associated with a favorable outcome | |||
| Cappellari et al. (2011) [61] | Neurological improvement (reduction of ≥4 points in NIHSS score between 24 and 72 hr) | 250 | Prior statin treatment | Prior and continued use of statins after stroke was associated with worse outcome |
| McAlpine et al. (2014) [63] | ENR (diminution on NIHSS score during first 24 hr after stroke) | 158 | Leukoaraiosis | No association |
| Saposnik et al. (2008) [64] | 7-, 30-day, and 1-yr mortality; neurological deterioration (measured by Canadian Neurological Scale, worsening neurological deficit or deterioration in the level of consciousness) | 3,631 | Stroke severity | Independent association |
| Kim et al. (2017) [65] | Early dramatic recovery (reduction of ≥8 points in NIHSS score or NIHSS score of 0–1 at 24 hr) | 102 | Stroke severity | Independent association |
| Schmitz et al. (2017) [66] | ENR (NIHSS score improvement of ≥4 points at 24 hr) | 557 | Stroke etiology | Cardioembolic stroke patients more likely to have ENR |
| Forlivesi et al. (2017) [67] | Neurological improvement (NIHSS score improvement of ≥4 points or NIHSS score of 0) at 7 days | 122 | Stroke etiology | Large artery strokes had lower odds ratio than cardioembolic strokes |
| Ciccone et al. (2013) [68] | Neurologic deficit (NIHSS score ≥6) at 7 days; functional outcome (mRS) and mortality at 90 days | 362 | Acute treatment | No association |
| Saver et al. (2015) [69] | NIHSS score changes at 27 hr; 3-mo functional outcome (mRS) | 196 | Acute treatment | Mechanical thrombectomy after IVT treatment had higher NIHSS score decrease |
| Jovin et al. (2015) [70] | ENR (decrease of 4 points in NIHSS at 24 hr); functional (Barthel Index) and neurological (NIHSS score) outcome at 90 days | 206 | Acute treatment | Mechanical thrombectomy had better outcome |
| Fiorelli et al. (1999) [71] | END (increase of NIHSS score of ≥4 at 24 hr post-stroke onset); 3-mo disability (mRS score ≥1) and 3-mo death | 609 | Hemorrhagic transformation | Independent association (server HT) |
| Kablau et al. (2011) [72] | ENR (decrease of >4 on NIHSS score) and END (increase of >4 on NIHSS score) at 5 days | 122 | Hemorrhagic transformation | No association with END; non-severe HT more common on ENR |
| Dharmasaroja et al. (2011) [73] | ENR (NIHSS of 0 to 4 at 24 hr) | 203 | Hemorrhagic transformation | Inversely association with ENR |
| Gill et al. (2016) [74] | Reduction in NIHSS score after 24 hr | 339 | Hemorrhagic transformation | Inversely associated (server HT) |
| Boehme et al. (2013) [77] | END (NIHSS score increase of ≥2 at 24 hr) | 334 | Infections | Non-independent association |
| Nardi et al. (2012) [80] | NIHSS score at baseline and at 72 hr; functional outcome (mRS) at discharge | 811 | Leukocyte counts | Independent association |
| Kumar et al. (2013) [81] | Neurological deterioration (NIHSS score increase of ≥2 within 24 hr) | 292 | Leukocyte counts | Association |
| Tian et al. (2018) [82] | ENI (decrease NIHSS score of ≥4 points or complete recovery after 24 hr of intravenous treatment) | 240 | Leukocyte counts | Independent association |
| Furlan et al. (2016) [84] | 7-, 30-, and 90-day mortality rate | 9,230 | Blood platelet counts | Non-independent association for 7-day mortality rate; associated with 30- and 90-day mortality |
| Turcato et al. (2017) [85] | Lack of neurological improvement at 7 days (no NIHSS score of 0, nor NIHSS score ≤4 from baseline) | 316 | Red blood cell counts | Association with worse outcome |
| Pinho et al. (2018) [86] | NIHSS score at baseline and NIHSS score changes at 24 hr | 602 | Red blood cell counts | No association |
| Furlan et al. (2016) [87] | 7-, 30-, and 90-day mortality rate | 9,230 | Red blood cell counts | High hemoglobin associated with high 7-day mortality |
| Yi et al. (2017) [88] | 10-day END (NIHSS score increase of ≥2 points) | 396 | Genetic factors | CYP polymorphism associated with CYP plasma metabolites levels in END patients |
| Yi et al. (2017) [89] | 10-day END (NIHSS score increase of ≥2 points) | 297 | Genetic factors | 3 SNPs independent risk predictors for END |
| Yi et al. (2017) [90] | 10-day END (NIHSS score increase of ≥2 points) | 850 | Genetic factors | High-risk interactive genotypes were associated with END |
END, early neurological deterioration; NIHSS, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale; ENI, early neurological improvement; CNI, continuous neurological improvement; LDL, low density lipoprotein; ENR, early neurological recovery; mRS, modified Rankin Scale; BP, blood pressure; CNR, complete neurological recovery; ECR, early clinical recovery; HT, hemorrhagic transformation; CYP, cytochrome P450.