Mediterranean Diet and Physical Activity Protect from Silent Brain Infarcts in a Cohort of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

Dear Sir:

Several studies have demonstrated that Mediterranean diet (MeD) has beneficial effects in the prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD) [1,2] globally but also in stroke prevention [3,4]. However, there are few data of the influence of MeD in silent brain infarcts (SBI). Physical activity is also a well-known protective factor for CVD and stroke [5]. Atrial fibrillation (AF) increases the risk of overt stroke and also SBI. We hypothesize that a healthy lifestyle would reduce the rate of SBI among AF patients. The aim of this study is to determine the association of a healthy profile (the combination of a good MeD adherence plus high level of physical activity) and the prevalence of SBI in a population with AF.

To determine this association we have selected patients diagnosed of non-valvular AF (NVAF) from Seville urban area were selected from DIRAYA, the Andalusian electronic healthcare database. The inclusion criteria were: patients diagnosed of NVAF (according to International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision [ICD-9] classification) who scored 0–1 in the CHADS₂ score, age ≥50 years and patients who give their consent. Patients were excluded when they had history of previous stroke/transient ischemic attack, if brain magnetic resonance imagine (MRI) was contraindicated or claustrophobia or when receiving oral anticoagulation. A total of 915 eligible patients were selected. A phone-call was made to explain the study protocol. After inclusion, patients were scheduled for a brain 3T-MRI. Baseline visit was performed at the same time and demographical data and medical history were collected. Physical activity and diet habits were also assessed by two validated self-administered questionnaires, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) [6] and the 14-item questionnaire of adherence to MeD from the Prevención con dieta mediterránea (PREDIMED) Study [2]. All MRI scans were performed with the same 3.0 Tesla MR (Philips Ingenia CX, Release 3.1, Koninklijke, Amsterdam, the Netherlands). MRI protocol included: sagittal 1 mm 3DT1-weighted gradient echo (GRE), sagittal 1,12 mm 3DT2-weighted fat sat fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), axial 5 mm 2DT2*-weighted GRE, and axial 3 mm 2D diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI [B0, B1000, ADC map]). SBI were defined as focal lesions with roughly the same intensity of cerebrospinal fluid. SBI were classified into acute/subacute lesions (hyperintense signal lesion on DWI) and chronic lesions (hyperintense FLAIR signal lesions with hypointense signal on T1-weigted images). In doubtful cases, we also analyzed the presence of complete surrounding FLAIR hyperintensities as another criterion following the standards for reporting vascular changes in neuroimaging (STRIVE) guidelines [7].

Statistical analysis was performed with the SPSS version 21.0 statistical package (IBM Co., Armonk, NY, USA). Cutoff values for age and alcohol intake were determined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. To determine the independent risk factors of SBI, multivariable regression analysis was performed. Results are shown as odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and P-values. The study protocol and consent forms were approved by the Ethics Committee of Virgen del Rocío University Hospital (reference no.2014PI/162-1).

Of 443 patients included from May 2015 to June 2016, 66 patients (14.9%) presented at least 1 SBI on MRI. Baseline characteristics are shown in Supplementary Table 1.

Univariate analysis (Supplementary Table 2) showed that an older age (71 years old vs. 65 years old, P=0.001), and higher alcohol intake, defined by consumption of >78 g/week (36.4% vs. 22.3%, P=0.014) were associated with higher risk of SBI. There was no association of SBI with MeD adherence nor physical activity when considered individually. Patients with a high adherence to MeD were more physically active (40.6% vs. 34.6%, P=0.028) (Supplementary Figure 1). A variable that combines a good adherence to MeD (score 8–14 in the questionnaire) [8] plus high level of physical activity (≥3,000 metabolic equivalents [METS]/week) was created (healthy profile). In univariate analysis healthy profile was associated with a lower risk of SBI (16.6% vs. 30%, P=0.035). After logistic regression analysis adjusted by vascular risk factors (Table 1), age ≥62.5 years was an independent predictor of SBI (OR, 3.47; 95% CI, 1.72 to 6.97; P<0.001) and a healthy profile was independently associated with a lower risk of SBI (OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.24 to 0.98; P=0.046). Patients ≥62.5 years with low adherence to MeD plus low/moderate level of physical activity had high frequency of SBI (22.8%) (Figure 1).

Table 1.

Multivariable analysis of silent brain infarct risk factors

Variable	P	Odds ratio	95% Confidence interval
Age >62.5 yr	0.000	3.47	1.72–6.97
Healthy profile	0.046	0.49	0.24–0.99
Hypertension	0.655	0.88	0.51–1.53
Diabetes	0.878	1.09	0.37–3.20
Hyperlipidemia	0.633	1.14	0.66–1.98
Alcohol	0.160	2.00	0.76–5.26
Tobacco	0.196	1.65	0.77–3.51

Figure 1.

Silent brain infarct (SBI) prevalence according to age and “healthy profile.” This figure shows the prevalence of SBI in different groups of patients according to age and the combination of adherence to Mediterranean diet and physical activity.

According to our results, a healthy lifestyle defined by a moderate/high adherence to MeD and a high level of physical activity (>3,000 METS/week) might have a protective effect on SBI prevalence in patients with NVAF. This association with MeD has been previously reported [9]. Moreover, MeD adherence has been associated with a reduction of cardiovascular events in patients with AF through an antioxidant effect [10]. Our study was performed in a population with AF, so as they have an increased risk of stroke, prevention should be more intensive regarding lifestyle. When we considered diet and physical activity as independent variables, we have not found any statistically significant association. This may be explained because people who are more adherent to MeD may be more healthy conscious and indeed more physically active (Supplementary Figure 1). Moreover, this population is thought to smoke less or consume less alcohol, but these confounders were also taken into account [11]. Our study is a single center study in Andalusia, Spain, a region in which MeD is the most frequent type of diet, but our results are consistent with other studies conducted in our country [2].

Supplementary materials

Supplementary materials related to this article can be found online at https://doi.org/10.5853/jos.2019.01949.

Supplementary Table 1.

Baseline characteristics (n=443)

Supplementary Table 2.

Univariate analysis

Supplementary Figure 1.

Graphic showing distribution of patients regarding adherence to Mediterranean diet and physical activity.