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. 2019 Aug 30;9(9):111. doi: 10.3390/membranes9090111

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Average foulant distribution, excluding biofouling, from one hundred fifty worldwide membrane autopsies. All membranes showed at least some biofouling and for 33% of the membranes, the degree of biofouling was enough to be the primary mode of performance failure [13]. Used with permission of the Engineers’ Society of Western Pennsylvania.