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Zeta potentials for three polyamide RO membranes as a function of pH when immersed in a 10 mM solution of sodium chloride. Membranes tested include a high-rejection type (thin composite (TFC)-HR, Koch Membrane Systems, Wilmington, MA, USA), a low-energy type (XLE, DuPont-FilmTec), and an ultra-low-pressure type (TFC-ULP, Koch Membrane Systems). XLE membrane tested at 25 °C (temperature for other membranes tested was not reported). Used with Permission from Elsevier B.V. [40,44].
