Table 13.
Performance of various polyamide (m-phenylenediamine (MPD)–trimesoyl chloride) composite membranes prepared with graphene oxide (GO) as compared to commercially available, polyamide (PA), and thin-film nanotechnology (TFN) membranes. Type: B = brackish water, S = seawater, N = nanofiltration. Adapted from Ali et al. [287]. Used with permission of Elsevier B.V.
| Type | GO Concentration (ppm) | GO Addition Procedure | Pressure (bar) | NaCl Concentration (ppm) | Permeability (l/m2-h/bar) | Salt Rejection (%) | REF |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | 76 in MPD | embedded | 15 | 2000 | 1.1 | 99 | 131 |
| S | 1000 | on PSf * substrate | 55 | 32,000 | 0.51 | 98 | 133 |
| N | 2000 in MPD | embedded | 15 | 2000 | 1.5 | 88 | 136 |
| B | 20,000 | on PA layer | 15.5 | 2000 | 0.90 | 96 | 134 |
| B | 100 in MPD | embedded | 15 | 2000 | 2.0 | 98 | 126 |
| B-PA ** | 0 | 15.5 | 1500 | 3.4 | 99.8 | CPA7-LD | |
| S-PA ** | 0 | 54 | 32,000 | 0.94 | 99.8 | SWC6-LD | |
| B-TFN *** | 0 | 15.5 | 2000 | 2.9 | 99.6 | LGBW400R | |
| S-TFN *** | 0 | 55 | 32,000 | 0.47 | 99.85 | LGSW400R |
* Polysulfone, ** Hydranautics commercial polyamide membranes (a Nitto Group Company, Oceanside, CA, USA), *** LG Chem Water Solutions commercial TFN membranes (El Segundo, CA, USA).