Table 14.
Characteristics and performance of TFC and GO-functionalized TFC membranes from different studies by Ali, et al., Huang et al., and Chae et al. [287,290,292].
| Membrane | Contact Angle (°) | Average Surface Roughness (nm) | Zeta Potential (mV) | Thickness of Active Membrane Layer (nm) | Permeability (l/m2-h/bar) * | Rejection (%) * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TFC 1 | 75 | 84 | −21 | 340 | 0.58 | 99.2 |
| GO 2 | 55 | 75 | −38 | 270 | 0.97 | 99.3 |
| GO 3 | 50 | 68 | −42 | 250 | 1.1 | 99.4 |
| GO 4 | 48 | 60 | −44 | 245 | 0.99 | 99.5 |
| TFC 5 | 64 | NA | NA | 4560 | 1.4 | 98.5 |
| GO 6 | 55 | NA | NA | 1930 | 1.9 | 98 |
| GO 7 | 52 | NA | NA | 4060 | 1.7 | 94.5 |
| TFC 8 | 85 | 44 | NA | NA | 2.4 | 94.1 |
| AGO 9 | 45 | 29 | NA | NA | 2.3 | 95.3 |
NA not available; TFC 1: virgin TFC membrane (origin and type not provided) [292]; GO 2: GO-imbedded polyamide via 15 ppm GO in MPD solution [292]; GO 3: GO imbedded polyamide via 38 ppm GO in MPD solution [292]; GO 4: GO imbedded polyamide via 76 ppm GO in MPD solution [292]; TFC 5: hand prepared TFC brackish water membrane [287]; GO 6: GO imbedded polyamide via 100 ppm GO in MPD solution [287]; GO 7: GO imbedded polyamide via 200 ppm GO in MPD solution [287]; TFC 8: DuPont Filmtec XLE (low energy, high permeability, lower rejecting) commercial brackish water membrane [290]; AGO 9; AGO-grafted polyamide membrane [290]; 2000 ppm sodium chloride solution.