Table 3.
Volatile organic compounds analysis for the diagnosis of OSAS patients.
| First Author (Year) [Reference] |
OSAS | AHI | Device | Standards | Controls | Discriminative capacity | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Greulich (2013) [43] | 40 | 33.6 e/h | E-nose (Cyranose320) Disposable bags |
Internal cross-validation ✔ External validation set ✔ |
20 | AUROC 0.85 (95%CI 0.74−0.96) |
- |
| Dragonieri (2016) [65] | 13 (6 validation set) |
44.8 e/h | E-nose (Cyranose320) Disposable bags |
Internal cross-validation ✔ External validation set ✔ |
15 COPD (6 validation set) 13 OVS. (6 validation set) |
AUROC OSAS vs. OVS.: 1 AUROC OSAS vs. COPD: 0.83 |
<0.001 <0.01 |
| Kunos (2015) [66] | 17 OSAS 9 habitual snorers |
29.8 e/h | E-nose Mylar bags |
Internal cross-validation ✔ External validation set X |
10 | Accuracy OSAS vs. HC (morning): 77% | <0.001 |
| Antonelli Incalzi (2015) [67] | 50 C-PAP | 41.8 e/h | E-nose (BIONOTE) Pneumopipe + TenaxGR |
Internal cross-validation ✔ External validation set X |
29 consonant change 21 discordant change |
||
| Dragonieri (2015) [61] | 19 OS | 27.8 e/h | GC-MS (1) E-nose (2) (Cyranose320) Tedlar bags Carboxen and Carbopack cartridges |
Internal cross-validation ✔ External validation set X |
14 ON 20 NO |
(1) Accuracy OS vs. ON: 91% (2) AUC OS vs. NO: 1 (2) AUC OS vs. ON:0.7 |
|
| Scarlata (2017) [63] | 20 hypo 20 non-hypo |
13.6 e/h 2.8 e/h |
E-nose (BIONOTE) Pneumopipe + TenaxGR |
Internal cross-validation ✔ External validation set X |
56 NO 20 non-hypo COPD 20 ON |
Accuracy OSA vs. HC: 0.99 Accuracy OSAS vs. COPD: 0.75 |
|
| Benedek (2013) [64] | 18 | 2 e/h | E-nose (Cyranose320) Mylar bags |
Internal cross-validation X External validation set X |
10 habitual snoring | AUROC: 0.84 | <0.003 |
| Greulich (2018) [60] | 15 | 26 e/h | Ion mobility mass spectrometry (1) E-nose (Cyranose320) (2) |
Internal cross-validation ✔ External validation set X |
15 | (1) AUROC 0.79 (2) AUROC 0.9 |
0.004 <0.001 |
Legend: OSAS: obstructive sleep apnea syndrome; AHI: apnea-hypopnea index (e/h: events per hour); AUROC: Area under receiver operating curve; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OVS.: overlap syndrome; C-PAP: continuous positive airway pressure; OS: obese OSAS; ON: obese healthy controls; NO: non-obese healthy controls; hypo: hypoxemic; non-hypo: non hypoxemic; ✔: technical standard satisfied; X: technical standard not satisfied.