Table 3.
Simple univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis of factors associated with cognitive function (n=1115)
| Variable | Simple analysis |
p-value | Multiple analysis |
p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) | MMSE-KC score, mean±SD | B1 | SE | |||
| Tooth replacement | <0.001 | |||||
| None | 418 (37.5) | 24.22±3.84 | Reference | |||
| Pontic only | 346 (31.0) | 24.87±3.57 | 0.31 | 0.26 | 0.229 | |
| Pontic and implant | 272 (24.4) | 25.67±3.05 | 0.20 | 0.29 | 0.494 | |
| Implant only | 79 (7.1) | 26.39±2.47 | 0.85 | 0.40 | 0.034 | |
| Age, mean±SD (y) | 76.81±3.97 | 24.93±3.55 | <0.001 | -0.13 | 0.02 | <0.001 |
| Sex | <0.001 | |||||
| Male | 533 (47.8) | 25.88±3.06 | Reference | |||
| Female | 582 (52.2) | 24.06±3.74 | -0.67 | 0.36 | 0.064 | |
| Smoking status | <0.001 | |||||
| Non-smoker | 652 (58.5) | 24.33±3.73 | Reference | |||
| Former smoker | 364 (32.6) | 25.98±2.88 | 0.62 | 0.32 | 0.054 | |
| Current smoker | 99 (8.9) | 25.00±3.69 | 0.11 | 0.41 | 0.792 | |
| Alcohol consumption | 0.002 | |||||
| None | 345 (30.9) | 24.41±3.76 | Reference | |||
| ≤1/wk | 246 (22.1) | 24.90±3.56 | 0.05 | 0.27 | 0.841 | |
| >1/wk | 524 (47.0) | 25.28±3.37 | 0.09 | 0.23 | 0.709 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 0.008 | |||||
| Normal (<23.0) | 394 (35.3) | 24.51±3.93 | Reference | |||
| Overweight (23.0-24.9) | 289 (25.9) | 24.99±3.43 | 0.25 | 0.24 | 0.300 | |
| Obese (≥25.0) | 432 (38.7) | 25.27±3.22 | 0.53 | 0.23 | 0.019 | |
| Hypertension | 0.844 | |||||
| No | 478 (42.9) | 24.91±3.61 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 637 (57.1) | 24.95±3.51 | 0.19 | 0.19 | 0.320 | |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 0.449 | |||||
| No | 1056 (94.7) | 24.91±3.57 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 59 (5.3) | 25.27±3.18 | -0.09 | 0.41 | 0.829 | |
| Coronary artery disease | 0.113 | |||||
| No | 1013 (90.9) | 28.88±3.57 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 102 (9.1) | 25.46±3.31 | 0.39 | 0.32 | 0.222 | |
| Asthma or COPD | 0.649 | |||||
| No | 1101 (98.7) | 24.94±3.56 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 14 (1.3) | 24.50±3.35 | 0.02 | 0.83 | 0.982 | |
| Osteoporosis | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 909 (81.5) | 25.11±3.48 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 206 (18.5) | 24.16±3.76 | 0.14 | 0.26 | 0.583 | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.098 | |||||
| No | 871 (78.1) | 24.84±3.61 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 244 (21.9) | 25.26±3.31 | 0.14 | 0.23 | 0.536 | |
| Depression | 0.114 | |||||
| No | 1084 (97.2) | 24.96±3.55 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 31 (2.8) | 23.94±3.49 | -0.42 | 0.58 | 0.463 | |
| Other psychiatric disorder | 0.463 | |||||
| No | 1078 (96.7) | 24.92±3.57 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 37 (3.3) | 25.35±2.92 | 0.32 | 0.52 | 0.548 | |
| hs-CRP (mg/L) | 0.293 | |||||
| <1.0 | 660 (59.2) | 24.86±3.64 | Reference | |||
| 1.0-3.0 | 325 (29.1) | 25.17±3.32 | 0.15 | 0.21 | 0.466 | |
| >3.0 | 130 (11.7) | 24.67±3.67 | -0.02 | 0.30 | 0.934 | |
| No. of natural teeth | 9.50±6.42 | 24.93±3.55 | <0.001 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.522 |
| Periodontitis | <0.001 | |||||
| Normal | 95 (8.5) | 25.74±2.85 | Reference | |||
| Mild | 108 (9.7) | 24.70±3.42 | -0.74 | 0.44 | 0.089 | |
| Moderate | 345 (30.9) | 25.04±3.45 | -0.62 | 0.37 | 0.097 | |
| Severe | 421 (37.8) | 25.11±3.48 | -0.81 | 0.37 | 0.030 | |
| Edentulous | 146 (13.1) | 23.81±4.23 | -0.68 | 0.44 | 0.120 | |
| Chewing discomfort | <0.001 | |||||
| Not at all | 352 (31.6) | 25.09±3.58 | Reference | |||
| Mild discomfort | 200 (17.9) | 25.57±3.18 | 0.50 | 0.27 | 0.065 | |
| Moderate discomfort | 369 (33.1) | 24.99±3.43 | 0.38 | 0.23 | 0.099 | |
| Severe discomfort | 194 (17.4) | 23.87±3.87 | -0.07 | 0.28 | 0.793 | |
| Tooth-brushing frequency (times/d) | 0.019 | |||||
| 0-1 | 169 (15.2) | 24.22±3.92 | Reference | |||
| 2 | 504 (45.2) | 25.03±3.45 | 0.60 | 0.28 | 0.031 | |
| ≥3 | 442 (39.6) | 25.09±3.49 | 0.56 | 0.28 | 0.049 | |
| Education level | <0.001 | |||||
| Uneducated | 317 (28.4) | 22.35±3.96 | Reference | |||
| Primary school | 308 (27.6) | 25.03±3.06 | 2.25 | 0.26 | <0.001 | |
| Middle school | 183 (16.4) | 26.21±2.42 | 3.25 | 0.31 | <0.001 | |
| High school or higher | 307 (27.5) | 26.74±2.38 | 3.56 | 0.31 | <0.001 | |
| Monthly household income (104 Korean won) | <0.001 | |||||
| ≥300 | 123 (11.0) | 26.76±2.58 | Reference | |||
| 100-300 | 396 (35.5) | 25.60±3.31 | -0.07 | 0.33 | 0.827 | |
| <100 | 596 (53.5) | 24.11±3.65 | -0.46 | 0.35 | 0.187 | |
| Economic activity participation | 0.003 | |||||
| No | 788 (70.7) | 25.14±3.40 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 327 (29.3) | 24.41±3.85 | -0.32 | 0.21 | 0.134 | |
| Living alone | <0.001 | |||||
| No | 818 (73.4) | 25.15±3.55 | Reference | |||
| Yes | 297 (26.6) | 24.31±3.50 | 0.23 | 0.31 | 0.457 | |
| Marital status | <0.001 | |||||
| Married | 697 (62.5) | 25.32±3.58 | Reference | |||
| Widowed/separated/divorced/never married | 418 (37.5) | 24.29±3.41 | 0.56 | 0.32 | 0.076 | |
SD, standard deviation; SE, standard error; MMSE-KC, Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; hs-CRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.
1
Regression coefficient.