Table 1.

Best Evidence for Rehabilitation in Pediatric Chronic Pain.

	Evidence Supporting Interventions	Examples of Resources
Individual Outpatient Interventions
Pain Science Education	Heathcote et al., 2019 ** [25]; Moseley & Butler [26], 2015; Pas et al., 2018 [27] *	Tame the Beast What is Pain? The Mysterious Science of Pain PNE4Kids A Journey to Learn About Pain
Physiological Self-Regulation Training	Eccleston et al., 2002 [28] **
Biofeedback	Benore and Banez, 2013 [29]; McKenna et al., 2015 [30] *	Breathe2Relax BellyBio
Progressive Muscle Relaxation	Palermo, 2012 [10]	Progressive Muscle Relaxation Script
Self-Hypnosis	Liossi et al., 2003 [31]; Tome-Pires & Miro, 2012 [32];
Guided Imagery	Van Tilburg et al., 2009 [33] *
Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction (MBSR) and Yoga	Evans et al., 2010 [34]; Jastrowski Mano et al., 2013 [35] *
Cognitive Skills Training	Eccleston et al., 2015 [36] **; Fisher et al., 2014 [14] **; Palermo et al., 2010 [15] **
Behavioral Exposure	Kanstrup et al., 2017 [37]; Kemani et al., 2018 [24]; Wicksell et al., 2007 [38] *; Wicksell et al., 2009 [39]
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)	Palermo et al., 2017 [40] *	iSleep App CBT-I App
Parent Coaching	Eccleston et al., 2014 [36] **; Palermo, 2012 [10]	Conquering Your Child’s Chronic Pain Managing Your Child’s Chronic Pain When Your Child Hurts Pain in Children and Young Adults: The Journey Back to Normal
Problem-Solving Skills Training	Law et al., 2017 [41]; Palermo et al., 2016 [42] *
Multi-component Treatment Packages
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy	Eccleston et al., 2014 [36] **; Fisher et al., 2014 [14] **; Palermo et al., 2010 [15] **	Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Chronic Pain in Children and Adolescents
Acceptance and Commitment Therapy	Pielech et al., 2017 [43]; Wicksell et al., 2009 [39]	Acceptance and Mindfulness Treatments for Children and Adolescents
Physical Therapy
Strength and Endurance Training	Eccleston and Eccleston, 2004 [44]; Kempert et al., 2017b [45]; Mirek et al., 2019 [46]
Gait and Posture Training
Occupational Therapy
Independence with Activities of Daily Living	Kempert et al., 2017a [47]; Kempert et al., 2017b [45]
Desensitization	Sherry et al., 1999 [48]
Interdisciplinary Outpatient Pain Treatment
FIT Teens	Kashikar-Zuck et al., 2018 [49] *; Tran et al., 2016 [50] *
2B Active	Dekker et al., 2016 [51]
GET Living	GET Living, NCT: 03699007
Intensive Interdisciplinary Pain Treatment (IIPT)	Hechler et al., 2015 [19] **
Emerging Pain Treatment Intervention Formats
One-day workshops	Coakley et al., 2018 [52]	The Comfort Ability
Internet and mobile applications	Bonnert et al., 2019 [53]; Palermo et al., 2018 [54]; Stinson et al., 2014 [55]
Virtual Reality	Won et al., 2015 [56] *; Won et al., 2017 [57]

Note: Tame the Beast and What is Pain? The Mysterious Science of Pain videos were not specifically developed for children. * denotes pilot studies; ** denotes systematic review and/or meta-analysis. All other studies listed are individual clinical trials or topical reviews.