. 2019 Aug 29;55(9):548. doi: 10.3390/medicina55090548

Table A2.

Inter-rater reliability of clinical tests.

Test	Authors	Reproducibility INTER-ES	Percentage of Agreement	Description	Positivity Criteria
Active Straight Leg Raising (ASLR)	Bruno et al. [29] ***	K = L: 0.70		In supine position, hip flexion with fully extended knee required.	* Expressed the perceived difficulty on a scale of 0–5
		R: 0.71			* Expressed the perceived difficulty on a scale of 0–5
		ICC = 0.41–0.91			** Observation of the difference in mmHg from the starting phase, through the PBU positioned behind the column.
	Roussel et al. [35] *	Cronbach α = 0.83
	Roussel et al. [35] *	Cronbach α = 0.83			*** The examiner determines the positivity/negative of the test according to the subject’s ability to maintain neutral alignment.
	Roussel et al. [36] **	K = 0.79
Crook lying hip abduction/bent knee fall out (BKFO)	Luomajoki et al. [33] *	K = 0.38	P1 = 78.6	Supine with hip and knee flexed, required abduction/extra rotation of hip	* Execution evaluated as qualitatively correct by the examiner after careful observation.
	Luomajoki et al. [33] *	K = 0.38	P1 = 78.6		** A pressure biofeedback (PBU) was placed behind the column and evaluated the pressure variation.
	Enoch et al. [30] ***	ICC = tra 0.61 e 0.91	P2 = 65.0
		ICC = tra 0.61 e 0.91			*** A 5-cm tape is placed between the two antero-superior iliac spine, with a laser pointer on the right end of the line. After 5 movements, the distance between the laser pointer and the extremity 0 of the tape (in cm) is measured.
		Cronbach α = 0.83
	Roussel et al. [36] **	ICC = 0.94	88
Dynamic lunge test (DL)	Granström et al. [32]	ICC = 0.80 (0.68–0.89)		In an upright position, required the functional movement of front lunge and evaluated the dynamic execution with upper limbs in full elevation.	Appearance of compensation. Assess each of the 6 components of the test as correct (1 point) or incorrect (0). A final score is obtained by combining the individual components.
		K = 0.45 (0.16–0.73) for trunk lateral flexion (TLF)
				TLF: Trunk lateral flexion to either side.
				KMI: The front knee moves inwards and not aligned with the hip and foot PT: The pelvis tilts to either side and not horizontally aligned.
		K = 0.50 (0.22–0.78) for knee moving inwards (KMI)
		K = 0.50 (0.22–0.78) for knee moving inwards (KMI)		HMB: The hips move backwards instead of downwards. The back seems to arch.
		K = 0.54 (0.28–0.81) for pelvic tilt (PT)		TMF: The trunk moves forwards and falls over the front leg.
		K = 0.54 (0.28–0.81) for pelvic tilt (PT)		SMB: The shoulders move backwards when returning back to start position.
		K = 0.46 (0.18–0.75) for hips moving backwards (HMB)
		K = 0.55 (0.29–0.82) for trunk moving forwards (TMF)
		K = 0.77 (0.57–0.97) for shoulders moving backwards (SMB)
Knee lift abdominal test (KLAT)	Roussel et al. [36]	ICC > 0.85		In supine position, with flexion of knees and hips, flexion of a hip is required.	Difference in the pressure variation between the performance carried out with the two lower limbs
Knee lift abdominal test (KLAT)	Roussel et al. [36]	Cronbach α = 0.83
Leg lowering (LL)	Enoch et al. [30]	ICC = 0.98		Required to maintain constant pressure on the PBU during repeated lowering of the leg towards the support surface, starting with hips flexed at 90 degrees and knee extended as much as possible.	Difference in the pressure variation between the performance carried out with the two lower limbs.
One leg stance/Trendelenburg	Luomajoki et al. [33] *	K = R: 0.43	P1 = R/L: 88.0	One leg balance required	* Lateral displacement of the asymmetrical navel and difference of >2 cm between the two sides
	Luomajoki et al. [33] *	L: 0.65	P1 = R/L: 88.0
	Roussel et al. [35] **	K = R: 0.75	P2 = R: 97.5
	Roussel et al. [35] **	L: 0.83	L: 92.5		**Appearance of pelvic tilt or rotation or inability to maintain position for 30 s
	Tidstrand and Horneij [37] **	K = R: 1.00	R: 100
	Tidstrand and Horneij [37] **	L: 0.88	L: 95
Pelvic tilt	Luomajoki et al. [33]	K = 0.65	P1 = 80.0	Request for anti and retroversion of pelvis	Presence of compensatory movements in others anatomical districts or inability to do the task required
Pelvic tilt	Luomajoki et al. [33]	K = 0.65	P2 = 92.5	Request for anti and retroversion of pelvis
Prone active knee flexion/prone knee bending	Luomajoki et al. [33]	K(Est) = 0.47	P1 = (Est) 97.6	Keeping the lumbar spine in neutral position lying prone, knee flexion required	Loss of neutral position before 90° knee flexion
		K(Est) = 0.47	(Rot) 90.5
		K(Rot) = 0.58	P2 = (Est/Rot) 87.5
Prone hip extension (PHE)	Bruno et al. [29] *	K = L: 0.72		Patient in prone position, hip extension with fully extended knee required	* Appearance of rotation, hyperextension, or inclination of the lower spine or pelvic tract. Considered also the difficulty perceived during the execution indicating a score from 0 to 5 (where 0 indicates no difficulty and 5 impossibility to perform) in the overall assessment
	Bruno et al. [29] *	R: 0.76
	Murphy et al. [34]	K = 0.72
Repositioning (RPS)/joint position sense	Enoch et al. [30]	ICC = 0.90		In an upright position, the patient is asked to search for the neutral lumbar position, following a maximum antiversion and retroversion of the pelvis.	A 5-cm tape positioned vertically starting from S1 (point 0) on which a laser is pointed. The patient moves the pelvis twice in anti and retroversion, finally returning to the starting position. The distance in cm between the laser pointer and S1 is measured.
Rocking backwards	Luomajoki et al. [33]	K = 0.57	P1 = 88.0	Keeping the lumbar spine in neutral position, knees and hips flexion required starting from quadrupedic position	Loss of neutral position or appearance of compensation
Rocking backwards	Luomajoki et al. [33]	K = 0.57	P2 = 90.0		Loss of neutral position or appearance of compensation
Rocking forwards	Luomajoki et al. [33]	K = 0.68	P1 = 92.8	Keeping the lumbar spine in neutral position, knees and hips extension required starting from quadrupedic position	Loss of neutral position or appearance of compensation
Rocking forwards	Luomajoki et al. [33]	K = 0.68	P2 = 92.5		Loss of neutral position or appearance of compensation
Sitting forward lean (SFL)	Enoch et al. [30]	ICC = 0.96		Required flexion of the trunk in a seated position, without losing neutral position of the lumbar spine. The distance measured between two points marked on the patient’s skin (point 0 on S1 and point 1 placed 10 cm above).	Increased distance between the two points from the starting position
Sitting knee extension (SKE)	Enoch et al. [30] **	K = 0.72	P1 = 90.4	Required to maintain neutral lumbar spine position during knee extension with patient sitting on the edge of the cot	* Capable of maintaining the neutral position of the lumbar spine up to 30–50° knee flexion.
	Enoch et al. [30] **	K = 0.72	P1 = 90.4		** A 5-cm tape is placed on the lumbar area starting from S1, on which a laser pointer is placed. After 5 full knee extensions, the distance in cm between the laser pointer and S1 is measured.
	Luomajoki et al. [33]	ICC = 0.95	P2 = 95.0
Sitting on a ball	Tidstrand and Horneij [37]	K = R: 0.79	R: 89	Sitting on a Bobath ball, required to lift one foot off the ground by at least 5 cm.	Occurrence of compensatory movements at the level of the pelvis and trunk or loss of the neutral position of the lumbar spine
Sitting on a ball	Tidstrand and Horneij [37]	L: 0.88	L: 95
Standing back extension test	Gondhalekar et al. [31]	K = 0.78	94	Request for extension hip with fully extended knee in an upright position	Occurrence of ipsilateral superior anterior iliac spine forward translation or compensatory movements.
Standing knee-lift test (SKL)	Granström et al. [32]	ICC = 0.68 (0.47–0.82)		In an upright position, required flexion of hip and knee at 90°, remaining in monopodal balance, with upper limbs abducted at 90 degrees and elbows extended.	Appearance of compensation. Assess each of the 7 components of the test as correct (1 point) or incorrect (0) A final score is obtained by combining the individual components.
		K = 0.32 (0.02–0.63) for hip hitch (HH)		Hip hitch (HH): instead of lifting the thigh up in the sagittal plane, the pelvis tilts in the frontal plane.
		K = 0.67 (0.43-0.90) for lateral sway (LS)		LS is a lateral sway of the pelvis on the stance leg.
		K = 0.77 (0.57–0.97) for trunk lateral flexion (TLF)		LS is a lateral sway of the pelvis on the stance leg.
		K = 0.77 (0.57–0.97) for trunk lateral flexion (TLF)		TLF: Trunk lateral flexion to either side.
		K = 0.48 (0.20–0.76) for knee not lifted straight up (KNLSU)		KNLSU: Knee is not lifted straight up.
		K = 0.83 (0.66–1.00) for arm lowering (AL)		AL: One arm is lower on one side.
		K = 0.91 (0.78–1.00) for back extension (BE)		BE: The back extends during the movement.
		K = 0.68 (0.44–0.91) for back flexion (BF)		BF: The back flexes during the movement.
Static lunge test (SL)	Granström et al. [32]	ICC = 0.79 (0.65–0.88)		In an upright station, required the functional movement of the front lunge and evaluated the ability to maintain it with upper limbs abducted at 90° and elbows extended.	Appearance of compensation. Assess each of the 5 components of the test as correct (1 point) or incorrect (0) A final score is obtained by combining the individual components.
		K = 0.61 (0.35–0.86) for trunk lateral flexion (TLF)		TLF: Trunk lateral flexion to either side.
		K = 0.91 (0.78–1.00) for arm lowering (AL)		AL: One arm is lower on one side.
		K = 0.59 (0.33–0.84) for knee moving inwards (KMI)		KMI: The front knee moves inwards and not aligned with the hip and foot.
		K = 0.67 (0.43–0.90) for pelvic tilt (PT)		PT: The pelvis tilts to either side and not horizontally aligned.
		K = 0.49 (0.21–0.77) for hips backwards (HMB)		HMB: The hips move backwards instead of downwards. The back seems to arch.
Unilateral pelvic lift	Tidstrand and Horneij [37]	K = R: 0.61	R: 79	In supine position, with hips and knees bent, required to lift pelvis from the cot, supporting it on just one foot.	Occurrence of compensatory movements at the level of the pelvis and trunk or loss of the neutral position of the lumbar spine
Unilateral pelvic lift	Tidstrand and Horneij [37]	L: 0.47	L: 74
Waiter’s bow/standing bow (SB)	Luomajoki et al. [33] *	K = 0.62	P1 = 85.7	Required hip flexion with lumbar spine in neutral position.	Loss of neutral position of the lumbar spine a:
	Luomajoki et al. [33] *	K = 0.62	P1 = 85.7		* 50–70° flexion of the hips.
	Roussel et al. [36] **	K = 0.78	P2 = 75.0		** Approx. 50° hip flexion.
Trunk forward bending and return to upright	Biely et al. [28]	For JUD:		During forward bending of the patient and return to upright standing, the examiner observes any aberrant movement pattern:	* Result calculated considering the test as positive if at least 1 movement on 3 repetitions is altered.
		K = 0.35 (0.00–0.71) *	96
		K = 0.46 (0.31–0.61) **	96
		For DEV:
		K = 0.68 (0.34–1.00) *	87
		K = 0.60 (0.50–0.69) **	80	JUD = Judder/shake/instability catch. In an attempt to return from flexion, the patient flexes their knees or moves their pelvis anteriorly before reaching the upright position of the trunk.
		For altered LPR:		DEV = Deviation from sagittal plane. Considered positive if any deviation from the sagittal plane appears during movement.
		K = 0.89 (0.69–1.00) *	96
		K = 0.83 (0.73–0.93) **	96
		For battery:		LPR = Reversal of lumbopelvic rhythm (including Gower’s sign). In an attempt to return from flexion, the patient flexes their knees and moves their pelvis anteriorly before reaching the upright position of the trunk.	** Result calculated considering the test as positive only if the movement is altered in each repetition
		K = 0.65 (0.00–1.00) *	96
		K = 0.53 (0.43–0.64) **	80	Battery test considered positive for the presence of at least 1 out of 3 of the aberrant movements between JUD, altered LPR and DEV.