Figure 1.

A heatmap amended with a dendrogram (assembled with heatmaply) for study A that shows median normalized, relative gene expression levels (as Δ Cq) of frame-captured bees that were either constantly fed the W. anomalus–sucrose solution or only the sucrose solution. Data were pooled from three independent cage feeding trials. The asterisk indicates a statistically significant change in Δ Cq between the treatments of at least p < 0.5 by the Wilcoxon pairwise test. Overall, we observed that many immune and hormone-like genes had lower expression after the introduction of W. anomalus, which cluster together at the top of the heatmap.