Table 1.
General description of each study, sample, and intervention characteristics.
| Authors | Subjects | Aim | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Villani and Gornall (1999) [74] | Premenopausal women NP-only group: n = 10, mean age (y) = 33, weight (kg) = 75.78 ± 3.2 NP + Strength training group: n = 10, mean age (y) = 33, weight (kg) = 79.50 ± 2.86 |
The aim of the study was to investigate the combined influences of very-low-kilojoule diets and strength training on BP. | Resistance exercise did not significantly alter the BP reduction observed with short-term severe dieting. |
| Sales et al. (2012) [75] | Women with prehypertension: n = 10, age (y) = 39 ± 6, weight (kg) = 71.5 ± 10.7 Women with normotension n = 10, age (y) = 35 ± 11, weight (kg) = 66.5 ± 6.8 |
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of diet and exercise training on BP and autonomic modulation in women with prehypertension. | Diet and exercise training reduced SBP in women with prehypertension, and this was associated with parasympathetic augmentation and probably reduction in sympathetic cardiac modulation. |
| Astorino and Martin (2013) [72] | Hypertensive men: n = 7, age (y) = 23.9 ± 4.6, height (m) = 1.8 ± 0.1, mass (kg) = 89 ± 16.2 Normotensive men: n = 7, age (y) = 22.4 ± 4.0, height (m) = 1.8 ± 0.1, weight (kg) = 77.9 ± 6.4 |
The primary aim of the study was to compare changes in BP in normotensive and prehypertensive men completing resistance exercise following caffeine ingestion. | Post-exercise hypotension did not occur in either treatment, suggesting that intense resistance training with or without caffeine intake may mitigate the BP-lowering effect of resistance exercise. |
| Figueroa et al. (2013) [76] | Postmenopausal women LIRET: n = 14, age (y) = 54 ± 1, height (m) = 1.66 ± 0.02, weight (kg) = 88.4 ± 4.6 Postmenopausal women NP: n = 13, age (y) = 54 ± 1, height (m) = 1.62 ± 0.02, weight (kg) = 89.0 ± 4.4 Postmenopausal women NP + LIRET: n = 14, age (y) = 54 ± 1, height (m) = 1.63 ± 0.02, weight (kg) = 86.7 ± 2.7 |
The aim of the study was to evaluate the independent and combined effects of a hypocaloric diet and LIRET with slow movement on PWV and body composition. | A hypocaloric diet decreases baPWV mainly by reducing legPWV, and this reduction was related to the loss of truncal fat. Although LIRET alone does not affect PWV or body composition, LIRET combined with diet improves baPWV and muscle strength while preventing loss of lean body mass in obese postmenopausal women. |
| Arazi et al. (2014) [77] | Middle-aged women: n = 24, age (y) = 46.4 ± 6.3, height (m) = 1.66 ± 4.2, weight (kg) = 66.6 ± 9.2 kg |
The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of green tea extract on BP, HR, and RPP responses to low-intensity resistance exercise in hypertensive women. | Three weeks of green tea extract ingestion did not influence SBP, DBP or HR but may be have a favorable effect on MAP and RPP responses to an acute resistance exercise during a 1-h exercise recovery. |
| Wong et al. (2016) [78] | Postmenopausal women whole-body vibration training + Placebo: n = 14, age (y) = 58 ± 4.0, height (m) = 1.6 ± 0.06, weight (kg) = 89.5 ± 10.6 Postmenopausal women L-citrulline: n = 14, age (y) = 58 ± 4.0, height (m) = 1.6 ± 0.05, weight (kg) = 83.8 ± 8.4 Postmenopausal women WBVT + L-citrulline: n = 13, age (y) = 58 ± 3.0, height (m) = 1.62 ± 0.05, weight (kg) = 88.3 ± 3.9 |
The aim of the study was to examine the combined and independent effects of whole-body vibration training and L-citrulline supplementation on aortic hemodynamics and plasma nitric oxide metabolites in postmenopausal women. | This study supports the effectiveness of whole-body vibration training + L-citrulline as a potential intervention for the prevention of hypertension-related cardiac diseases in obese postmenopausal women. |
| Moraes et al. (2017) [70] | Low milk intake group: n = 16, age (y) = 70.2 ± 4.9 and weight (kg) = 70.1 ± 7.6 High milk intake group: n = 12, age (y) = 70.3 ± 5.0, weight (kg) = 68.6 ± 7.7 |
The aim of the study was to investigate whether the maintenance of exercise training benefits are associated with adequate milk and dairy product intake in elderly hypertensive subjects after detraining. | Maintenance of exercise training benefits related to pressure levels, lower extremity strength and aerobic capacity is associated with adequate milk and dairy product intake in hypertensive elderly subjects following six weeks of detraining. |
| Romero et al. (2017) [71] | Adults (men and women): n = 9, age (y) = 68 ± 5, height (m) = 1.65 ± 5, weight (kg) = 70 ± 8 |
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that folic acid ingestion improves skeletal muscle blood flow in aged adults performing graded handgrip and plantar flexion exercise via increased vascular conductance. | Folic acid ingestion increases blood flow to active skeletal muscle primarily via improved local vasodilation in aged adults. |
| Lee et al. (2018) [73] | Adults (men and women) Advice-only comparison group: n = 28, age (y) = 43.4 ± 14.5, weight (kg) = 69.9 ± 9.2 Diet education group: n = 30, age (y) = 43.0 ± 13.5, weight (kg) = 72.8 ± 15.2 Diet and exercise education group: n = 27, age (y) 49.1 ± 10.1, weight (kg) = 76.6 ± 10.7 |
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a home-based lifestyle modification intervention on BP management. | Lifestyle modification emphasizing both diet and exercise was effective for lowering BP and should be favored over diet-only modifications. |
baPWV, brachial–ankle pulse-wave velocity; BP, blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HR, heart rate; LIRET, low-intensity resistance exercise training, PWV, pulse-wave velocity; MAP, mean arterial pressure; RPP, rate pressure product; SBP, systolic blood pressure; y, year.