Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population between the AF groups.
| CKD Cohort | Maximum Standardization Difference between Groups | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-AF | Prevalent AF | Incident AF | p-Value | Before IPW a (%) | After IPW a (%) | |
| Sample size | 15,251 | 612 | 588 | -- | -- | -- |
| Age, years | 65 ± 14 | 76 ± 10 | 72 ± 10 | <0.001 | 0.746 | 0.161 |
| Gender, Male | 9076 (59.51%) | 397 (64.87%) | 337 (57.31%) | 0.015 | 0.111 | 0.098 |
| Monthly income, NTD | 14,144.97 ± 13,893.61 | 10,331.85 ± 11,240.98 | 10,067.77 ± 10,329.03 | <0.001 | 0.340 | 0.119 |
| Geographical location | ||||||
| Northern | 6509 (42.68%) | 264 (43.14%) | 246 (41.84%) | 0.894 | 0.028 | 0.093 |
| Central | 2799 (18.35%) | 112 (18.3%) | 121 (20.58%) | 0.392 | 0.073 | 0.088 |
| Southern | 5521 (36.2%) | 207 (33.82%) | 197 (33.5%) | 0.211 | 0.073 | 0.035 |
| Eastern | 422 (2.77%) | 29 (4.74%) | 24 (4.08%) | 0.004 | 0.094 | 0.042 |
| Comorbidities | ||||||
| Coronary artery disease | 2881 (18.89%) | 254 (41.5%) | 197 (33.5%) | <0.001 | 0.559 | 0.127 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1451 (9.51%) | 137 (22.39%) | 99 (16.84%) | <0.001 | 0.424 | 0.081 |
| Cancer | 1119 (7.34%) | 50 (8.17%) | 32 (5.44%) | 0.156 | 0.116 | 0.021 |
| Liver Cirrhosis | 361 (2.37%) | 16 (2.61%) | 5 (0.85%) | 0.050 | 0.117 | 0.140 |
| Dementia | 379 (2.49%) | 30 (4.9%) | 16 (2.72%) | 0.001 | 0.152 | 0.113 |
| Rheumatoid disease | 317 (2.08%) | 14 (2.29%) | 9 (1.53%) | 0.609 | 0.040 | 0.021 |
| Peptic ulcer disease | 2934 (19.24%) | 151 (24.67%) | 127 (21.6%) | 0.002 | 0.137 | 0.046 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score | 3 ± 2 | 4 ± 2 | 3 ± 1 | <0.001 | 0.806 | 0.102 |
| 0 | 1159 (7.6%) | 8 (1.31%) | 8 (1.36%) | <0.001 | ||
| 1 | 2903 (19.03%) | 35 (5.72%) | 40 (6.8%) | <0.001 | ||
| 2 | 3674 (24.09%) | 79 (12.91%) | 124 (21.09%) | <0.001 | ||
| 3 | 3360 (22.03%) | 141 (23.04%) | 152 (25.85%) | 0.081 | ||
| 4 | 2317 (15.19%) | 140 (22.88%) | 135 (22.96%) | <0.001 | ||
| 5 | 1200 (7.87%) | 109 (17.81%) | 81 (13.78%) | <0.001 | ||
| ≥6 | 638 (4.18%) | 100 (16.34%) | 48 (8.16%) | <0.001 | ||
| Long-term medication use | ||||||
| ACEI/ARB | 6537 (42.86%) | 383 (62.58%) | 288 (48.98%) | <0.001 | 0.396 | 0.074 |
| beta-blocker | 4948 (32.44%) | 324 (52.94%) | 237 (40.31%) | <0.001 | 0.432 | 0.125 |
| Diuretics | 4192 (27.49%) | 328 (53.59%) | 233 (39.63%) | <0.001 | 0.573 | 0.083 |
| Statin | 4133 (27.1%) | 185 (30.23%) | 139 (23.64%) | 0.037 | 0.194 | 0.117 |
| NSAIDs | 2286 (14.99%) | 131 (21.41%) | 107 (18.2%) | <0.001 | 0.179 | 0.012 |
| Pentoxifylline | 1028 (6.74%) | 63 (10.29%) | 50 (8.5%) | 0.001 | 0.139 | 0.114 |
| ESA | 130 (0.85%) | 3 (0.49%) | 3 (0.51%) | 0.430 | 0.047 | 0.090 |
| Aspirin/clopidogrel | 3929 (25.76%) | 362 (59.15%) | 203 (34.52%) | <0.001 | 0.748 | 0.105 |
| Warfarin | 141 (0.92%) | 76 (12.42%) | 8 (1.36%) | <0.001 | 0.99 | 0.029 |
| Annual frequency of medical visits | 30 ± 20 | 34 ± 20 | 34 ± 22 | <0.001 | 0.218 | 0.080 |
Values are expressed as mean ± SD or number (%). a Inverse probability of group-weighting (IPW) was estimated by the propensity of group from generalized boosted regression. Chronic kidney disease (CKD); atrial fibrillation (AF); angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI); angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB); New Taiwan Dollar (NTD); Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID); erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESA).