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. 2019 Feb 8;123(2):273–282. doi: 10.1038/s41437-019-0187-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Comparison of survivorship curves for six populations. The US females from 2000 (black, Templeton 2006) represent a Type-I population. The Swedish females from 1751 (orange, Human Mortality Database (http://www.mortality.org)) and Hadza females (blue, Blurton Jones 2016) represent Type-I populations prior to the increased longevity seen in modern populations. The wild Chimpanzee (purple, Bronikowski et al. 2016) represents our closest living species. The Type-II population (red, simulated (see Methods for details)) is used as a close approximation of the chimpanzee population and the Type-III population (green, simulated (see Methods for details)) is used for completion as a comparator at the other end of the ‘type’ spectrum. b A continuum of lifespan equality (ln(1/H)) and life expectancy in six populations presented in a. c A comparison of ‘pace’ (life expectancy) and ‘shape’ (ratio of longevity to life expectancy) for six populations in a