Table 4.
Effect of astraxanthin on the lipid parameters, glycoprotein, phase I and II biotransformation enzymes, mitochondrial TCA cycle enzymes, and carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes of DMBA-induced breast cancer.
| S. no. | Parameters | Groups |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NC | DMBA | DMBA + AX (5 mg/kg) | DMBA + AX (50 mg/kg) | DMBA + AX-SLN | ||
| Lipid profile | ||||||
| 1 | Cholesterol | 100.3 ± 2.34 | 80.4 ± 6.54 | 83.4 ± 4.32* | 89.3 ± 4.95** | 98.3 ± 5.32*** |
| 2 | Triglyceride | 125.6 ± 5.39 | 100 ± 3.89 | 104.5 ± 5.03* | 114.3 ± 6.23*** | 123.5 ± 4.03*** |
| 3 | High density lipoprotein | 40.2 ± 3.23 | 81.3 ± 4.28 | 70.3 ± 3.45* | 60.3 ± 4.35*** | 45.6 ± 3.98*** |
| Mitochondrial TCA cycle enzymes | ||||||
| 1 | ICDH | 650 ± 15.46 | 389.4 ± 10.34 | 412.3 ± 8.93* | 512.5 ± 8.45** | 612.6 ± 9.03*** |
| 2 | SDH | 203.4 ± 5.93 | 98.3 ± 5.31 | 111.3 ± 3.98** | 134.6 ± 4.03*** | 183.4 ± 6.03*** |
| 3 | α-KGDH | 113 ± 4.04 | 50.3 ± 3.45 | 61.3 ± 4.59** | 74.5 ± 3.94*** | 104.3 ± 498*** |
| 4 | MDH | 400.3 ± 8.93 | 198.4 ± 6.09 | 234.5 ± 7.35** | 298.3 ± 6.54*** | 378.4 ± 5.94*** |
| Glycoprotein | ||||||
| 1 | Hexose | 222.3 ± 5.45 | 412 ± 6.78 | 254.5 ± 5.93* | 315.4 ± 6.32*** | 403.2 ± 5.43*** |
| 2 | Sailic acid | 79.4 ± 2.45 | 113.4 ± 4.98 | 104.5 ± 4.34* | 91.3 ± 3.98** | 80.3 ± 3.45*** |
| 3 | Hexosamine | 51.3 ± 2.09 | 81.3 ± 3.45 | 74.5 ± 4.12* | 60.3 ± 3.45** | 53.5 ± 2.85*** |
| Na+/K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ activity | ||||||
| 1 | Na+/K + ATPase | 4.5.5 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.21 | 2.1 ± 0.33* | 3.2 ± 0.39*** | 4.3 ± 0.48*** |
| 2 | Ca2 + ATPase | 5.2 ± 0.34 | 2.4 ± 0.23 | 2.8 ± 0.34** | 3.5 ± 0.54*** | 5 ± 0.45*** |
| 3 | Mg2 + ATPase | 4.4 ± 0.34 | 1.3 ± 0.23 | 1.8 ± 0.18** | 2.8 ± 0.28*** | 4.2 ± 0.41*** |
| Phase I and II biotransformation enzymes | ||||||
| 5 | Cytochorme p450 | 0.7 ± 0.03 | 0.3 ± 0.01 | 0.4 ± 0.02* | 0.48 ± 0.18** | 0.67 ± 0.21*** |
| 6 | Glutathione S-transferase | 3.5 ± 0.02 | 2 ± 0.01 | 2.3 ± 0.03* | 2.8 ± 0.04** | 3.3 ± 0.02*** |
| 7 | Cytochrome b5 | 0.8 ± 0.01 | 0.2 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.03* | 0.5 ± 0.05** | 0.7 ± 0.02*** |
| Carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes | ||||||
| 1 | Hexokinase | 12.2.±2.34 | 35.4 ± 3.23 | 30.1 ± 2.54* | 22.3 ± 3.21** | 13.4 ± 2.39```*** |
| 2 | P-Glucoisomerase | 25.3 ± 2.93 | 65.4 ± 3.04 | 60.2 ± 2.12* | 47.6 ± 2.94*** | 28.3 ± 4.02*** |
| 3 | Aldolase | 22.3 ± 1.92 | 48.9 ± 3.45 | 43.3 ± 3.45* | 35.3 ± 3.42*** | 24.5 ± 4.24*** |
| 4 | Glucose-6-phaspastase | 23.4 ± 1.04 | 14.5 ± 1.98 | 16.3 ± 2.03* | 18.9 ± 2.03** | 22.5 ± 3.02*** |
| 5 | Fructose 1-6, biphosphate | 58.4 ± 4.32 | 23.3 ± 3.94 | 28.4 ± 1.34* | 34.5 ± 3.45** | 56.4 ± 3.45*** |
Each value shows the mean ± SEM, where the treated group rats compared with the DMBA-induced group rats. Statistical analysis by one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparison. *p < .05, **p < .01, and ***p < .001.