FIG. 1.

(a) Large-volume mixer/heater design illustrating a reservoir mixing region to hold the aerosol during periods of exhalation with minimum depositional loss and a narrow channel heating region to evaporate liquid from the aerosol droplets producing a humidified gas stream with submicrometer particles. (b) CFD simulations of mixer/heater operation at an airflow rate of 30 LPM demonstrating aerosol evaporation to submicrometer size and low device depositional loss (<5% of nebulized dose). CFD, computational fluid dynamics; LPM, liters per minute. Portions redrawn from Golshahi et al.⁽⁷⁶⁾ with permission of Taylor and Francis.