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. 2019 Sep 7;11(9):464. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11090464

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Analysis of immune cell activation after immunization with the ssRNA nano-structure adjuvant and vaccine protein. (A,B) effector memory T cells (CD4⁺ or CD8⁺, CD44^hi, CD62L^lo), (C) activated DCs (CD11b⁺, CD11c⁺, CD86⁺), and (D) macrophages (CD11b⁺, F4/80⁺, CD86⁺) in the spleen were counted by flow cytometry (*p < 0.05, relative to G1; N.S., not significant). G1, PBS-control group; G2, 1 μg MERS S protein; G3, 200 μg ssRNA adjuvant; G4, 1 μg MERS S protein and 20 μg ssRNA adjuvant; G5, 1 μg MERS S protein and 200 μg ssRNA adjuvant; G6, 1 μg MERS S protein and 200 μg ssRNA (recovery group).