Table 1.

Enzymes expressed and characterized in T. reesei for the degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose, grouped according to their functionality.

Adapted from Häkkinen et al. [127]

Group	Functionality	Enzymes in T. reesei	EC
Enzymes for the degradation of hemicellulose
Backbone cleaving enzymes	Degradation of the xylan backbone in arabinoxylan (hardwood) and arabinoglucoronoxylan (grasses) by endo- and exo-xylanases	Endo-β-1,4-xylanase	3.2.1.8
		1,4-β-Xylosidase	3.2.1.37
		Xyloglucan-specific endo-β-1,4-glucanase	3.2.1.151
	Degradation of the mannan backbone in galactoglucomannan (softwood) by endo- and exo-mannanases	Endo-1,4-β-mannosidase	3.2.1.78
		β-Mannosidase	3.2.1.25
		1,2-α-Mannosidase	3.2.1.113
		β-Galactosidase	3.2.1.23
Side-chain cleaving hydrolytic enzymes	Cleaving off galactose moieties from galactoglucomannan (softwood)	α-Galactosidase	3.2.1.22
	Cleaving off arabinose moieties from arabinoxylan (hardwood) and arabinoglucoronoxylan (grasses)	α-l-Arabinofuranosidase	3.2.1.55
	Cleaving off glucoronic moieties from arabinoxylan (hardwood) and arabinoglucoronoxylan (grasses)	α-Glucuronidase	3.2.1.139
Side chain cleaving esterases	Cleaving off acetyl groups from glucuronoxylan (hardwood), arabinoglucoronoxylan (grasses), and galactoglucomannan (softwood)	Acetyl xylan esterase	3.1.1.72
	Cleaving ester linkage between arabinose in hemicellulose and ferulic acid in lignin	Acetyl esterase	3.1.1.6
Enzymes for degradation of cellulose
Concerted action of exo- and endo-cellulases and β-glucosidase		Endo-β-1,4-glucanase	3.2.1.4
		1,4-β-Cellobiosidase	3.2.1.91
		β-Glucosidase	3.2.1.21
Auxiliary activities	Cleavage of cellulose chains by oxidation of C1 or C4	Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases	1.14.99.56
Non-hydrolytic proteins	High binding affinity for hemicellulose and cellulose, unknown role in biomass degradation	Swollenin	–