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. 2019 Oct 1;10:2162. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02162

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Copyright © 2019 Lorenz, Moschovaki-Filippidou, Würf, Metzger, Steiger, Batz, Carbajo-Lozoya, Koziel, Schnurr, Cohen, Schmaderer, Anders, Lindenmeyer and Lech.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gene expression analysis of IRF4 and selected macrophage polarity genes in tubulointerstitium of manually microdissected biopsies from patients with different CKD stages (A) and renal diseases (B). Values are expressed as log₂-fold change compared to controls (living donors, LDs). All represented genes are significantly changed (q < 0.05) and non-significantly changed genes denoted as ns. Chronic kidney disease 1 (CKD1): n = 56; CKD2: n = 46; CKD3: n = 37; CKD4: n = 26; CKD5: n = 10; living donor (LD): n = 42; hypertensive nephropathy (HT): n = 21; lupus nephritis (LN): n = 32; minimal change disease (MCD): n = 15.