| POWGEN auto changer (PAC) |
10–300 K. |
45 min to cool from 300 to 10 K. |
Specially designed V cans. |
24 sample changer. The time for change is 8 min (Fig. 7 ▸). |
| |
| Orange cryostat (Brochier, 1977 ▸) |
2–300 K. |
2 h to reach base temperature. |
PAC cans. |
Sample can be changed at 100 K. |
| |
| Cryofurnace |
5–500 K in cold stick. 30–750 K in hot stick. |
2 h to cool from 750 to 300 K. 4 h to cool from 300 K to base temperature. |
PAC cans for cold stick and V cans with Ti flange lid for hot stick. |
Standard off-the-shelf closed-cycle refrigerator bought from Janis Research Company. |
| |
| Vacuum and atmosphere furnaces (Niedziela et al., 2017 ▸) |
300–1473 K with V heating element. 300–1873 K with Nb heating element. |
4–5 h to cool from 1473 to 473 K. |
V can, BN lids and Mo screw. |
Nb peaks are observed in forward and backscattering detectors when Nb heating element is used. As a result, the Q range is reduced. |
| |
| Vacuum and atmosphere furnaces with gas insert (Kirkham et al., 2018 ▸) |
300–1123 K. |
1.5 h to cool from 1123 to 473 K, with gas flow. |
Quartz basket with one open end and frit on the other end. |
Includes residual gas analyzer and pO2 sensor to measure the partial pressure of gas and detect incoming or outgoing gas. A wide variety of gasses are available. For specialized hazardous gas an additional review may be required. |
