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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Feb 15.
Published in final edited form as: Arch Biochem Biophys. 2018 Nov 16;662:49–60. doi: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.11.005

Figure 1. Prolonged muscle inactivity activates proteolytic pathways and decreases protein synthesis pathways.

Figure 1.

Muscle inactivity activates four proteolytic systems that mediate protein degradation: 1) caspase-3; 2) calpain; 3) Autophagy; 4) and the ubiquitin proteasome system (UBS). Additionally, prolonged muscle inactivity results in the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway which mediates protein synthesis. See text for more details. FoxO, forkhead box O; MuRF-1, muscle ring finger protein-1; LC3, microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3b; Bnip3, BCL2 interacting protein 3; PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; Akt, protein kinase B; mTOR, mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin.