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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Aug 1.
Published in final edited form as: Reprod Toxicol. 2019 Apr 30;87:11–20. doi: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.04.006

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Chronic preconception paternal alcohol exposure induces fetal growth restriction and decreased placental efficiency in the offspring at gestation day 16.5. A) Comparison of litter size between matings sired by control and ethanol-exposed males (n=5 control 6 alcohol). Comparisons of B) fetal weight, C) crown-rump length, D) gestational sac weight and E) placental weights between male and female offspring sired by control and ethanol-exposed males (n=10 male and 12 female offspring). F) Placental efficiencies (gram of fetus produced per gram of placenta) compared between the male and female offspring of ethanol-exposed sires (n=10 male and 12 female offspring). Data were analyzed using either an unpaired t-test or a two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s post hoc analysis. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (* p<0.05, ** p < 0.01).