Table 3. Progressive adjustment of upstream of non-cognitive skills (NCS) and cognitive skills at age 16 on downstream health and socioeconomic status (SES).

Odds ratios [95% Confidence Interval], p values are presented unless otherwise indicated.^a

	Paths to Poor Self-Reported Health at Age 50	Paths to Social Class at Age 50	Paths to Education at Age 33	Paths to NCS at Age 16	Paths to Cognitive Skills at Age 16
Model 1: Health at 50 + Adult SES (N = 7071)
Social Class at 50	0.60 [0.51,0.70] < 0.001
Education at 33	0.69 [0.59,0.81] < 0.001	4.45 [3.96,5.00] < 0.001
Model 2: +NCS at Age 16 (N = 8898)
Social Class at 50	0.59 [0.49,0.70] < 0.001
Education at 33	0.80 [0.66,0.96] 0.017	3.21 [2.79,3.68] < 0.001
NCS at 16	0.81 [0.74,0.89] < 0.001	1.56 [1.45,1.67] < 0.001	2.85 [2.69,3.02] < 0.001
Model 3: +Cognitive Skills at Age 16 (N = 12810)
Social Class at 50	0.64 [0.53,0.77] < 0.001
Education at 33	0.95 [0.77,1.16] 0.601	1.96 [1.68,2.28] < 0.001
NCS at 16	0.87 [0.79,0.96] 0.008	1.25 [1.15,1.35] < 0.001	1.82 [1.70,1.95] < 0.001
Cognitive Skills at 16	0.82 [0.73,0.91] < 0.001	2.13 [1.95,2.33] < 0.001	3.84 [3.57,4.14] < 0.001	r = 0.49 [0.47,0.51] < 0.001
Model 4: +Early Life SES (N = 12810)
Social Class at 50	0.64 [0.53,0.77] < 0.001
Education at 33	0.95 [0.78,1.17] 0.646	1.93 [1.65,2.24] < 0.001
NCS at 16	0.87 [0.79,0.97] 0.009	1.24 [1.15,1.34] < 0.001	1.80 [1.69,1.93] < 0.001
Cognitive Skills at 16	0.82 [0.73,0.92] 0.001	2.08 [1.90,2.27] < 0.001	3.66 [3.40,3.95] < 0.001	r = 0.42 [0.40,0.44] < 0.001
Father's Social Class at 16	0.92 [0.76,1.12] 0.397	1.28 [1.11,1.49] 0.001	1.45 [1.29,1.62] < 0.001	B = 0.50 [0.46,0.54] < 0.001	B = 0.72 [0.68,0.75] < 0.001

^aAll models are adjusted for gender. Pathways to poor self-reported health and SES are odds ratios, pathways to NCS and cognitive skills are linear coefficients, and the association between NCS and cognitive skills is Pearson's correlation coefficient between errors.