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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Oct 8.
Published in final edited form as: Sci Transl Med. 2019 Apr 3;11(486):eaav0537. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aav0537

Figure 5. Cotrimoxazole inhibits in vitro pro-inflammatory cytokine responses to bacterial and fungal antigens.

Figure 5

Tukey boxplots of (A) TNFα and (B) IL-6 concentrations in supernatants from whole blood cultures without antigen (No Stimulus), with heat-killed Salmonella typhimurium (HKST), lipopolysaccharide (LPS); or zymosan. Cultures were treated with low-dose cotrimoxazole (CTX[Low]: 2 μg/mL trimethoprim, 50 μg/mL sulfamethoxazole), high-dose cotrimoxazole (CTX[High]: 8 μg/mL trimethoprim, 200 μg/mL sulfamethoxazole) or volume-matched controls (DMSO[Low], DMSO[High]). Proportions of monocytes (left), CD4+ (center) and CD8+ T-cells (C) producing TNFα and (D) expressing HLA-DR after 6h PBMC culture with HKST or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB). Grey bars indicate HIV-negative (n=8); red indicate HIV-positive ART-treated (n=6); and blue indicate HIV-positive ART-naïve group (n=10). Cytokine concentrations in cotrimoxazole-treated cultures are indicated by darker shading. Drug treatments compared within groups by Freidman tests with post-hoc uncorrected Dunn’s tests; *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.