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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Biomed Eng. 2019 Aug 12;3(10):768–782. doi: 10.1038/s41551-019-0436-x

Fig. 1 |. Engineering approaches for personalized immunotherapy.

Fig. 1 |

(1) Tumour samples from cancer patients are collected. (2) The genomic sequence of the tumour is compared with the somatic genome sequence so as to locate mutations, which are processed through multiple algorithms for the prediction of neoantigens. (3,4) Neoantigen-specific DNA, mRNA and peptides are generated (3) and formulated into a personalized nanomedicine for combination cancer immunotherapy (4). (5) Neoantigens can also be loaded on APCs to generate DC vaccines or neoantigen-specific T cells ex vivo. (6) Alternatively, genes encoding scFv or TCRs specific to neoantigens can be transduced into peripheral lymphocytes to generate tumour-reactive T cells for adoptive transfer into the patient. APC, antigen presenting cell. TCR, T-cell receptor.