Table 1.
Maternal circulating biomarkers in placental pathologies and their characterization
| Biomarkers | Placental Pathologies | Characterization Method |
|---|---|---|
| MDA, protein carbonyls, Ox-LDL, superoxide dismutase, Catalase, oxidized DNA |
PE: (51–56) IUGR: (57–60) PM: (61) GDM: (59, 62–65) |
ELISA(51, 53, 57, 59, 61, 66), chromatography(67), UV spectrophotometry (63), HPLC(68), colorimetric biosensors (55, 56, 61), electrochemical assay (69, 70), chemiluminescence (71–73), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (74), SPR(75), SERS(76) |
| sFlt-1, sENG, PlGF, hCG, VEGF, PP-13, PAPP-A |
PE: (64, 77–84) IUGR: (81, 85–90) PM: (91, 92) GDM: (93–97) |
ELISA(60, 81, 91, 98), colorimetric assay(99–102), automated biochemical analyzers (94), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (103), electrochemical aptasensor (104), electrochemical assay(105–110), impedimetric assay (111), chemiluminescence(112), SPR(113–116), SERS(117), acoustic wave sensor (118) |
| Exosomes; Mitochondrial DNA |
PE: (119, 120) IUGR: (121) PM: (122) GDM: (123, 124) |
Nanoparticle tracking analysis (125), fluorescent NTA(126); nano-plasmonic sensor(127), fluorometry-based PCR(120, 121) |
| TNF-α and its receptors TNF-R1, TNF-R2; IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ; C-reactive protein |
PE: (128–134) IUGR: (135–137) PM: (138–141) GDM: (142–145) |
ELISA(130, 139, 143, 144), chemiluminescence(146), electrochemical assay(147–153), SPR-based sensor(154, 155), deflection cantilever sensor(156–158), QCM(159), acoustic wave sensor (160) |