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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Cortex. 2019 Jul 16;119:386–400. doi: 10.1016/j.cortex.2019.07.003

Table 4.

Group Model Results: Retrieval Practice and Spacing Effects at Retention Test

 Fixed Effects Coef. SE Z p
 Intercept 1.23 0.29
Retrieval Practice Effect (P1)a
 Repetitionb −1.19 0.36 −3.30 .001
Spacing Effect
 Spacedc 0.37 0.18 2.08 .038
Participant Effect
 P2d −0.96 0.36 −2.70 .007
 P3d −2.71 0.41 −6.64 <.001
 P4d −0.70 0.36 −1.93 .053
Interaction of Training and Participant
 Repetitionb × P2d 0.48 0.49 0.99 .32
 Repetitionb × P3d 1.60 0.51 3.15 .002
 Repetitionb × P4d −0.57 0.50 −1.13 .26
 Random Effect s2
 Items .62

Note. Excluding the intercepts, Coef. = model estimation of the change in response accuracy (in log odds) from the reference category for each fixed effect; SE = standard error of the estimate; Z = Wald Z test statistic, two-tailed; s2 = Random effect variance.

a

Because the model includes an interaction term for participants and training, estimate corresponds to the training effect for the reference level of the participants factor (P1).

b

Reference is retrieval practice condition.

c

Reference is massed condition.

d

Reference is participant 1 (P1).