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. 2019 Oct 8;10:4561. doi: 10.1038/s41467-019-12535-5

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Multi-frame nanosecond imaging with a cavity time-to-space converter. a Externally gated, tilted mirror 4f re-imaging cavity. Image input is on small in-coupling mirror M1 in an image plane (i). M2 is tilted at a diffraction plane (f), spatially offsetting the images at the M1 plane each pass. Each round trip, images are passively out-coupled through partially transmissive mirror M2. b Normalized image intensities for four output images from the cavity showing a 4 ns round trip delay. c Cavity output on camera (CMOS) shows 4 x 4 images output from the PC analyzer. The columns are numbered 1-4 in analogy to Fig. 1, and the rows (i–iv) give the outputs from the first four cavity round trips (scale bar 50 μm). The sample is a mixture of drop-cast nile red 2 μm beads (~3.1 ns) and orange 0.1 μm beads (4.9 ns) that form the diffuse filaments. d The ratio of output frames (row i, column 4) and (row ii, column 4) in the gated channel at t_d = 5 ns (red line in (b)) is used for single-frame FLIM as described in the text. The two labels are readily differentiated (scale bar 10 μm)