Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2019 Oct 2;7:208. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00208

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2019 Heim, Stafford and Nachbur.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

Anti-bacterial signaling mediated by NOD2. Within the family of NLRs, NOD2 represents a particularly well-studied receptor that is activated by binding to the peptidoglycan fragment MDP in the cytosol and at endosomal membranes. NOD2 recruits the adaptor molecule receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 (RIPK2) through CARD-CARD interactions to form large polymers that facilitate the activation of downstream kinases and lead to the initiation of immune modulatory transcriptional responses through AP-1 and NF-κB transcription factors. RIPK2 is regulated through polyubiquitination by multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases including X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) and the linear ubiquitin chain assembly complex (LUBAC) and by phosphorylation of serine and tyrosine residues.