Table 3.
Long non-coding RNAs and their physiological function in colorectal cancer drug resistance.
| LncRNA | Function | References |
|---|---|---|
| GIHCG | Potential target in 5-FU and Oxaliplatin resistance mechanisms. | (188) |
| MIR100HG | Coordinately MIR100HG, miR-100 and miR-125b overexpression drives Cetuximab resistance by targeting five negative regulators of Wnt signaling which have a potential clinical relevant interaction with EGFR. | (189) |
| UCA1 | UCA1 can decrease the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5-FU by sponging miR-204-5p resulting in attenuating apoptosis. Moreover, UCA1 expression levels are increased in Cetuximab resistant cells and can be transferred to sensitive cells through exosomes increasing resistant cells number. | (172, 190) |
| LINC00152 | LIN00152 confers Oxa and 5-FU chemoresistance by sponging miR-193a-3p by ERBB4 modulation and then inducing the activation of AKT signaling pathway that mediates cell survival and chemoresistance. miR-193a-3p also targets NOTCH1 regulating CRC growth, metastasis, stemness, and chemoresistance. | (191, 192) |
| HOTAIR | HOTAIR could regulate the progression and Cisplatin and Paclitaxel chemoresistance enhancements in CRC by targeting miR-203a-3p and the activity of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. | (116) |
| PCAT-1 | PCAT-1 regulates the invasiveness and 5-FU resistance in CRC cells and that PCAT-1 may promote CRC cell invasion by modulating the expression of c-Myc. | (193) |
| PVT1 | PVT1 is associated with 5-FU resistance in human CRC tissues and cells by inhibiting apoptosis and upregulating the expression of MRP1, P-gp, mTOR, and Bcl-2 | (194) |
| XIST | XIST promotes Doxorubicin resistance through sponging miR-124 which targets SGK1 increasing cell survival, loss of control in cell cycle, inhibiting apoptosis, and increasing chemoresistance. | (195) |
| MALAT1 | Overexpression of MALAT1 enhances chemoresistance in 5-FU resistant cells through potentiation of multidrug resistant genes such as MDR1, MRP1, BCRP, and ABC. Moreover, modulates EZH2 pathway in Oxa resistance | (196, 197) |
| H19 | H19 mediated Methotrexate resistance via activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling, which help to develop H19 as a promising therapeutic target for MTX resistant CRC. Besides, CAFs promote stemness and Oxa chemoresistance in CRC by transferring exosomal H19 to CRC sensitive cells through sponging miR-141. | (20, 134) |
| SLC25A25-AS1 | SLC25A25-AS1 has a pivotal role in CRC cells promoting chemo sensitivity to 5-FU and DOX via Erk and p38 pathway modulation. Hence, SLC25A25-AS1 was determined to play a tumor suppressive role in CRC. | (198) |
| snaR | snaR has a negative regulator role in responsible of the development of 5-FU resistance through cell growth of CRC cells. Nonetheless, snaR detailed roles have not yet been established. | (199) |
| ENST00000547547 | ENST00000547547 reduced the chemoresistance of 5-FU via competitive sponging to miR-31 which targets ABCB9 involved in chemotherapy induced apoptosis. This suggests that lncRNA ENST00000547547 may be a positive prognostic factor for 5-FU-based chemotherapy. | (200) |
| TUG1 | TUG1 mediates MTX resistance in colorectal cancer via sponging miR-186 that targets CPEB2 increasing its protein levels that play an important role in tumorigenesis and chemoresistance. | (201) |
| PVT1 | PVT1 is a significant regulator in tumorigenesis and cisplatin resistance of CRC by inhibiting apoptotic pathways in CRC and may serve as a promising target for CRC therapy. | (202) |
| MEG3 | MEG3 promotes chemosensitivity to Oxa by inducing cytotoxicity in CRC cells promoting apoptosis. In addition, MEG3 sponges miR-141 that targets PDCD4. | (203, 204) |
5-FU, 5-fluorouracil, Oxa, oxaliplatin. CAFs, cancer associated fibroblasts, DOX, doxorubicin.