Table 3.
Mortality of overt HE: difference between high-ALB-level (>22.8 g/l) and low-ALB-level (⩽22.8 g/l) groups.
| Variables | Patients, n | Overall* | Patients, n | ALB > 22.8g/l group* | Patients, n | ALB ⩽ 22.8g/l group* | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 183 | 57.17 (27.49–95.13) 58.21 ± 10.62 | 164 | 57.26 (27.49–95.13) 58.35 ± 10.56 | 19 | 56.35 (30.78–78.81) 56.97 ± 11.32 | 0.605 |
| Sex (male %) | 183 | 134 (73.2%) | 164 | 118 (72%) | 19 | 16 (84.2%) | 0.253 |
| Etiology of liver diseases | |||||||
| HBV (%) | 183 | 58 (31.7%) | 164 | 50 (30.5%) | 19 | 8 (42.1%) | 0.303 |
| HCV (%) | 183 | 15 (8.2%) | 164 | 15 (9.1%) | 19 | 0 (0%) | 0.169 |
| Alcohol abuse (%) | 183 | 86 (47.6%) | 164 | 78 (47.6%) | 19 | 8 (42.1%) | 0.652 |
| Autoimmune (%) | 183 | 8 (4.4%) | 164 | 8 (4.9%) | 19 | 0 (0%) | 0.325 |
| Other etiology (%) | 183 | 35 (19.1%) | 164 | 31 (18.9%) | 19 | 4 (21.1%) | 0.822 |
| Ascites (%) | 183 | 99 (54.1%) | 164 | 83 (50.6%) | 19 | 16 (84.2%) | 0.005 |
| AUGIB (%) | 183 | 60 (32.8%) | 164 | 51 (31.1%) | 19 | 9 (47.4%) | 0.153 |
| Infection (%) | 183 | 37 (20.2%) | 164 | 31 (18.9%) | 19 | 6 (31.6%) | 0.193 |
| Hb (g/l) | 181 | 96 (37–180) 99.47 ± 27.45 | 162 | 98 (37–180) 101.46 ± 27.65 | 19 | 81 (49–116) 82.34 ± 18.67 | 0.003 |
| WBC (109/l) | 181 | 4.7 (1.1–46.1) 6.25 ± 5.09 | 162 | 4.7 (1.1–46.1) 6.05 ± 5.00 | 19 | 6 (2.0–25.3) 7.9 ± 5.62 | 0.088 |
| PLT (109/l) | 180 | 74.5 (16–391) 85.86 ± 57.29 | 161 | 75 (17–391) 87.84 ± 58.85 | 19 | 68 (16–158) 69.05 ± 38.93 | 0.244 |
| TBIL (μmol/l) | 183 | 37.3 (3.6–707.7) 58.83 ± 84.90 | 164 | 36.1 (3.6–707.7) 54.67 ± 85.39 | 19 | 66.5 (24.0–255.5) 94.75 ± 72.99 | 0.001 |
| ALB (g/l) | 183 | 30.4 (12.4–48.9) 30.22 ± 6.11 | 164 | 31.2 (23.0–48.9) 31.47 ± 5.01 | 19 | 21.3 (12.4–22.8) 19.36 ± 3.40 | <0.001 |
| ALT (U/l) | 182 | 28 (8–1064) 45.56 ± 91.53 | 163 | 27 (8–1064) 45.26 ± 96.13 | 19 | 40 (16–131) 48.21 ± 32.72 | 0.027 |
| AST (U/l) | 182 | 42 (9–2454) 94.62 ± 246.32 | 163 | 40 (9–2454) 88.73 ± 241.66 | 19 | 68 (19–1293) 145.11 ± 285.52 | 0.010 |
| AKP (U/l) | 181 | 92 (34–457) 113.80 ± 70.40 | 163 | 93 (34–457) 114.52 ± 72.00 | 18 | 83.5 (47.0–205.4) 107.25 ± 54.96 | 0.763 |
| GGT (U/l) | 181 | 46 (7–1102) 109.02 ± 182.57 | 163 | 47 (7–1055) 107.78 ± 173.49 | 18 | 33.5 (14–1102) 120.28 ± 256.82 | 0.306 |
| BUN (mmol/l) | 176 | 6.56 (1.58–61.01) 8.98 ± 7.99 | 158 | 6.19 (2.32–61.01) 8.82 ± 8.04 | 18 | 8.08 (1.58–29.31) 10.39 ± 7.59 | 0.181 |
| Scr (μmol/l) | 176 | 61 (24–729) 79.29 ± 68.49 | 158 | 60 (24–729) 76.72 ± 68.80 | 18 | 77.5 (36–262) 101.89 ± 63.05 | 0.049 |
| K (mmol/l) | 180 | 4.09 (2.25–7.87) 4.18 ± 0.74 | 162 | 4.05 (2.25–7.87) 4.14 ± 0.72 | 18 | 4.46 (3.24–6.36) 4.51 ± 0.86 | 0.063 |
| Na (mmol/l) | 181 | 138 (116.4–147.2) 137.28 ± 5.35 | 162 | 138.1 (116.4–147.2) 137.52 ± 5.20 | 19 | 136.9 (121.9–144.8) 135.25 ± 6.30 | 0.145 |
| Ammonia (μmol/l) | 175 | 79 (9–480) 88.39 ± 55.73 | 156 | 79.5 (9–480) 88.00 ± 54.70 | 19 | 72 (9–283) 91.57 ± 65.18 | 0.838 |
| PT (seconds) | 178 | 17.3 (12.2–94.6) 18.81 ± 7.15 | 161 | 17.1 (12.2–36.4) 17.86 ± 3.45 | 17 | 22.1 (16.6–94.6) 27.85 ± 18.73 | <0.001 |
| APTT (seconds) | 177 | 44.4 (29.1–180.0) 46.63 ± 14.28 | 160 | 43.5 (29.1–75.4) 44.55 ± 8.27 | 17 | 55 (42.1–180.0) 66.28 ± 33.32 | <0.001 |
| Child–Pugh score | 177 | 9 (6–15) 9.30 ± 2.19 | 160 | 6 (6–15) 9.01 ± 2.01 | 17 | 12 (8–15) 12.06 ± 1.89 | <0.001 |
| MELD score | 173 | 9.49 (−1.73 to 51.64) 11.34 ± 7.75 | 156 | 8.93 (−1.73 to 36.99) 10.30 ± 6.51 | 17 | 22.39 (4.18–51.64) 20.92 ± 11.29 | <0.001 |
| In-hospital death (%) | 183 | 20 (10.9%) | 164 | 11 (6.7%) | 19 | 9 (47.4%) | <0.001 |
Bolded numerals indicate statistical significance.
AKP, alkaline phosphatase; ALB, albumin; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; AUGIB, acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Hb, hemoglobin; HBV, hepatic B virus; HCV, hepatic C virus; K, potassium; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; Na, sodium; PLT, platelet count; PT, prothrombin time; Pts, patients; TBIL, total bilirubin; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; Scr, serum creatinine; WBC, white blood cell count.
Note: *Continuous variables were reported as median (range) and mean ± standard deviation; categorical variables were reported as frequency (percentage).