Table 3.
Scores for Primary and Secondary Efficacy Outcome Measures.
| CBT for Nightmares (n = 12), Mean (SD) | n | Treatment as Usual (n = 12), Mean (SD) | n | Adjusted Mean Difference (95% CI) | Effect Size (d) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcome measure | ||||||
| Nightmare severity (DDNSI) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 21.6 (6.9) | 12 | 23.0 (6.4) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 14.2 (8.8) | 12 | 22.6 (7.1) | 11 | –7.0 (–12.6 to –1.3) | –1.06 |
| Week 8 | 12.6 (8.6) | 11 | 22.1 (8.2) | 9 | –6.7 (–12.4 to –0.9) | –1.02 |
| Secondary outcome measures | ||||||
| Insomnia (SCI-8 item) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 8.6 (4.5) | 12 | 7.6 (4.6) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 15.2 (7.7) | 12 | 7.4 (5.0) | 10 | 6.3 (2.6 to 10.0) | 1.40 |
| Week 8 | 14.9 (6.9) | 11 | 8.4 (6.8) | 9 | 4.3 (0.4 to 8.1) | 0.95 |
| Sleep quality (PSQI) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 12.2 (4.4) | 12 | 12.7 (3.5) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 10.2 (3.8) | 12 | 12.5 (4.3) | 10 | –1.9 (–4.1 to 0.4) | –0.48 |
| Week 8 | 9.6 (3.9) | 11 | 11.8 (3.8) | 9 | –1.7 (–4.0 to 0.6) | –0.43 |
| Depression (DASS-21) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 13.2 (5.5) | 12 | 14.3 (5.7) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 10.8 (7.0) | 12 | 13.8 (6.5) | 10 | –0.9 (–4.5 to 2.8) | –0.15 |
| Week 8 | 11.5 (5.8) | 11 | 10.6 (5.3) | 9 | 3.3 (–0.5 to 7.1) | 0.60 |
| Anxiety (DASS-21) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 10.8 (5.1) | 12 | 14.5 (5.2) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 7.4 (5.8) | 12 | 13.3 (5.4) | 10 | –2.4 (–5.0 to 0.2) | –0.45 |
| Week 8 | 7.6 (5.3) | 11 | 11.0 (4.6) | 9 | 0.4 (–2.3 to 3.1) | 0.08 |
| Stress (DASS-21) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 11.8 (4.0) | 12 | 15.5 (3.7) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 9.0 (5.6) | 12 | 15.9 (3.1) | 10 | –2.6 (–6.1 to 0.9) | –0.61 |
| Week 8 | 10.4 (6.2) | 11 | 13.3 (5.1) | 9 | 1.1 (–2.5 to 4.7) | 0.27 |
| Paranoia (GPTS) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 101.2 (35.7) | 12 | 109.8 (33.9) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 75.3 (37.0) | 12 | 109.0 (32.3) | 10 | –20.8 (–43.2 to 1.7) | –0.60 |
| Week 8 | 68.5 (39.4) | 11 | 100.7 (35.5) | 9 | –18.5 (–41.0 to 4.0) | –0.54 |
| Hallucinations—total endorsement (CAPS total) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 17.7 (7.7) | 12 | 18.8 (7.1) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 15.5 (7.7) | 12 | 16.8 (7.3) | 10 | 0.9 (–4.0 to 5.8) | 0.12 |
| Week 8 | 15.8 (7.8) | 11 | 16.7 (10.1) | 9 | 0.8 (–4.2 to 5.8) | 0.11 |
| Suicidal ideation (BSS) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 6.5 (8.4) | 12 | 10.5 (10.6) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 5.7 (7.6) | 12 | 5.9 (7.5) | 10 | 2.8 (–3.5 to 9.2) | 0.30 |
| Week 8 | 7.2 (10.9) | 11 | 2.7 (5.7) | 9 | 6.8 (0.3 to 13.3) | 0.71 |
| Dissociation—average (DES-B average) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 1.7 (0.7) | 12 | 2.1 (0.8) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 1.5 (0.9) | 12 | 2.4 (0.6) | 10 | –0.7 (–1.4 to 0.1) | –0.84 |
| Week 8 | 1.2 (1.0) | 11 | 1.9 (0.8) | 9 | –0.4 (–1.2 to 0.3) | –0.54 |
| Emotional well-being (WEMWBS) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 38.6 (7.5) | 12 | 34.0 (9.7) | 12 | ||
| Week 4 | 44.5 (12.2) | 12 | 34.2 (10.4) | 10 | 3.8 (–4.6 to 12.2) | 0.43 |
| Week 8 | 44.1 (12.4) | 11 | 41.0 (9.9) | 9 | –4.2 (–12.9 to 4.6) | –0.47 |
| Activity levels (time budget) | ||||||
| Week 0 | 61.9 (14.6) | 12 | 60.1 (10.0) | 11 | ||
| Week 4 | 65.7 (18.0) | 11 | 62.1 (9.6) | 10 | 1.1 (–7.7 to 9.9) | 0.09 |
| Week 8 | 63.1 (16.1) | 11 | 62.6 (7.8) | 9 | –1.7 (–10.7 to 7.3) | 0.14 |
All analyses controlled for baseline score for that variable.
BSS, Beck Suicide Scale; CAPS, Cardiff Anomalous Perceptions Scale (higher scores indicate more severe symptoms); CBT, cognitive behavioural therapy; CI, confidence interval; DASS-21, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale–21-item version (higher scores indicate more severe symptoms); DDNSI, Disturbing Dream and Nightmare Severity Index (higher scores indicate a more severe problem with nightmares); DES-B, Brief Dissociative Experiences Scale; GPTS, Green Paranoid Thoughts Scale (higher scores indicate more severe symptoms); PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (lower scores indicate better sleep quality); SCI-8, Sleep Condition Indicator–8-item version (higher scores indicate less insomnia); WEMWBS, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Wellbeing Scale.