Table 6. Mortality risk factors in IPAH.

Men >60 years of age

Evidence of right heart failure (elevated BNP, increased mean right atrial pressure and increased PVR, elevated troponin)

WHO functional class III–IV

Family history of IPAH

All-cause hospitalizations within the last 6 months

PAH associated with portal hypertension (PoPH) or scleroderma and CTD

Hyponatremia

Serum bilirubin level

Unchanged or increased serum bilirubin level despite medical therapy

Renal insufficiency

Pericardial effusion

Resting systolic BP <110 mmHg

Resting hear rate >92 beats per minutes

Six-minute walk distance (6MWD) <166 m (6MWD >440 m—better survival)

Low diffusing capacity

Heart rate recovery <16

IPAH, idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance; WHO, World Health Organization; PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension; PoPH, portopulmonary hypertension; CTD, connective tissue disease; BP, blood pressure.