Table 1. COPD risk assessment.

Spirometry

FEV1/FVC <70%

FEV1% predicted

Bronchodilator response

Symptoms

Dyspnea: COPD Assessment Test (CAT) or MRC Dyspnea Scale

Chronic bronchitis

Asthma features

Exacerbation risk

History of prior exacerbations

Blood eosinophilia

Asthma COPD overlap

Blood eosinophilia as biomarker

Identify

Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency

Patients with emphysema & low BMI

Patients with high BMI & comorbidities

Upper lobe predominant emphysema

COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI, body mass index.