Table 1.
Potential phytochemical profile of the selected herbal plant parts.
| Plant Name | Family | Parts Used | Potential Major Phytochemicals ((M–H+)−, RT in min) |
References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Common | Botanical | ||||
| Barberry | Berberis vulgaris L. | Berberidaceae | Roots | Gingerol (293.38, 8.06), Caffeic acid (179.16, 3.22), Naringin (579.54, 5.99), Naringenin (271.26, 7.32), and Rosmerinic acid (359.32, 2.01). | [12] |
| Clove | Syzygium aromaticum L. | Myrtaceae | Flower buds | Eugenol (163.20, 4.40), Eugenyl acetate (205.24, 8.43), and β-Ocimene (135.25, 4.25). | [13,14,15] |
| Echinacea | Echinacea purpurea L. | Asteraceae | Flowers | Caftaric acid (311.23, 2.44), Chlorogenic acid (353.31, 2.78), Caffeic acid (179.16, 3.27), Cynarin (515.46, 6.02), Echinacoside (785.73, 6.56), Cichoric acid (473.37, 4.78), and β-Sitosterol (413.70, 4.61). | [16,17,18,19] |
| Stems | Quercetin (301.23, 6.12) and Eugenyl acetate (205.24, 8.43). | ||||
| Leaves | Caftaric acid (311.23, 2.44), Cichoric acid (473.37, 4.78), and Caffeic acid (179.16, 3.27). | ||||
| Ginger | Zingiber officinale L. | Zingiberaceae | Rhizomes | Gingerol (273.38, 7.18), α-Humulene (203. 24, 2.50), Gingerol (293.38, 7.18), α-Thujone/β-Thujone/camphor (151.23, 4.35), α or β-Caryophyllene (203.35, 2.52), Caffetic acid (311.23, 10.07), and Liquirtin (419.39, 6.21). | [20,21] |
| Licorice | Glycyrrhiza glabra L. | Papilionaceae | Roots | Glycyrrhizin (821.94, 6.86), Glabridin (323.97, 7.54), Thymohydroquinone (165.22, 2.81), Naringenin (271.26, 7.32), Asparegene (131.12, 1.63), Liquirtin (417.39, 6.34), 5 -Methoxyhydnocarpin (493.45, 6.28), Cynarin (515.46, 6.02), Quercetin (301.23, 6.12), p-Cyemene (133.21, 0.82), Generdiol (153.23, 3.47), α-Humulene (203.35, 2.53), and Kaempferol (285.23, 6.42). | [22,23] |
| Oregano | Origanum vulgare L. | Lamiaceae | Flowering shoots | Rosmerinic acid (359.32, 6.20), Oleanolic acid (455.71, 7.23), ρ-Cymene (133.21, 1.04), and 5-Methoxyhydnocarpin (493.45, 6.25). | [24,25] |
| Olive | Olea europeus L. | Oleaceae | Leaves | Hydroxytyrosol, Rutin, Luteolin-7-glucoside, Oleuropein glucoside, Luteolin-4′-glucoside, Oleuropein, and Oleuropein aglycon. | [26,27,28] |
| Rose geranium | Pelargonium graveolens L. | Geraniaceae | Leaves | Geraniol (151.24, 6.62) | [29] |
| Sage | Salvia officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | Leaves | 1,8-Cineole (153.24, 2.18 Borneol and/or Linalool and/or α-Terpineol and/or β-Pinene (153.24, 4.01), β-carotene (535.87, 3.46), γ-Terpinene and/or Mycrene and/or β-Pinene and/or α-Pinene (135.24, 4.24), Asparegene (131.12, 3.65), and α-Terpine (135.24, 4,42). | [25,30,31] |
| Slippery elm | Ulmus rubra Muhl. | Ulmaceae | Inner barks | Ursolic acid /Betulinic acid (455.71, 9.5) and β-carotene (535.87, 5.29) | [32] |
| Thyme | Thymus vulgaris L. | Lamiaceae | Flowering shoots | Thymol and Carvacrol (149.21, 6.65), Thymohydroquinone (165.22, 7.17), γ-Terpinene, Myrcene, and α-Pinene (135.24, 4.24), Gingerol (293.38, 7.68), and Kaempferol (285.23, 6.42) | [25,33] |
(M–H+)−: deprotonated molecular mass; RT: retention time.