Table 1.
Classification of mechanisms of action for current and potential new commercial herbicides discussed in this review.
| Group | Type | Mechanism/Target |
|---|---|---|
| Biochemical pathways and physiological processes involved with photosynthesis | Light reaction | Photosystem II |
| Photosystem I | ||
| Carotenoid | Deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate synthase | |
| Phytoene desaturase | ||
| Plastoquinone | p-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase | |
| Homogentisate solanesyltransferase 1 | ||
| Solanyl diphosphate synthase 1 | ||
| Chlorophylls | Protoporphyrinogen oxidase | |
| Uncouplers | Oxidative (photo)phosphorylation | |
| Formation of biological building blocks or their assembly into macromolecules | Amino acids | 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) Synthase |
| Acetolactate synthase | ||
| Glutamine synthetase | ||
| Dihydroxy-acid dehydratase 1 | ||
| Lipids | Acetyl-CoA carboxylase | |
| Fatty acid thioesterase 1 | ||
| Very long chain fatty acid elongases | ||
| Cell walls | Cellulose synthase and others | |
| Microtubule assembly | α- and/or β-Tubulin | |
| Microtubule organization | Microtubule organizing centers | |
| Folates | Dihydropteroate synthetase | |
| Dihydrofolate reductase 1 | ||
| Nucleic acids | DNA gyrase 1 | |
| Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 1 | ||
| Other processes | Protein synthesis | Peptide deformylase |
| Protein regulation | Serine-threonine protein phosphatases 1 | |
| Hormone | Synthetic auxins | |
| Auxin-transport inhibition |
1 bold and italics indicates recently described or potentially new mechanisms or targets.