Table 2.

Anti-neoplastic effects of NDV in non-permissive hosts.

Targeting the oncogenic protein Rac1

Tumor-selective virus replication

Tumor-selective oncolysis

Tumor-selective induction of immunogenic cell death

Potential to break T cell tolerance towards tumor-associated antigen (TA) expressing tumor cells

Potential to break resistance to chemotherapy or radiotherapy

Potential to break resistance to apoptosis

Potential to break resistance to hypoxia

Potential to break resistance to TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)

Potential to break resistance to immune checkpoint blockade

Potential to break resistance to anti-viral immunity

Promotion of virus propagation via syncytia, autophagy, and exosomes