Table 1.
Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of the study participants.
| Variable | Case (%) | Control (%) | Total (%) a | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age group | ||||
| 18–39 | 52 (68.4) | 65 (60.7) | 117 (63.9) | |
| 40–54 | 16 (21.1) | 24 (22.4) | 40 (21.9) | 0.40 |
| ≥55 | 8 (10.5) | 18 (16.8) | 26 (14.2) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 59 (77.6) | 81 (75.7) | 140 (76.5) | 0.76 |
| Female | 17 (22.4) | 26 (24.3) | 43 (23.5) | |
| Occupation | ||||
| Daily laborer | 64 (84.2) | 85 (81) | 149 (82.3) | |
| House-wife | 9 (11.8) | 15 (14.3) | 24 (13.3) | 0.86 |
| Employee | 3 (3.9) | 5 (4.8) | 8 (4.4) | |
| Educational status | ||||
| No formal education | 14 (18.4) | 28 (26.9) | 42 (23.3) | |
| Primary school | 32 (42.1) | 48(46.2) | 80 (44.4) | 0.16 |
| Higher secondary school | 30 (39.5) | 28 (26.9) | 58 (32.2) | |
| and above | ||||
| Residency | ||||
| Rural | 55 (72.4) | 42 (39.6) | 97 (53.3) | <0.05 * |
| Urban | 21 (27.6) | 64 (60.4) | 85 (46.7) | |
| Number of Family members | ||||
| 2 or less | 3 (3.9) | 2 (2) | 5 (2.8) | |
| 3–6 | 28 (36.8) | 33 (32.4) | 61 (34.3) | 0.51 |
| More than 6 | 45 (59.2) | 67 (65.7) | 112 (62.9) | |
| Annual income (SDG) | ||||
| Less than 60000 | 44 (75.9) | 68 (84) | 112 (80.6) | |
| 60000–100000 | 13 (22.4) | 12 (14.8) | 25 (18) | 0.43 |
| More than 100000 | 1 (1.7) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (1.4) | |
| HIV infection | ||||
| Positive | 2 (2.7) | 30 (28.3) | 32 (17.9) | <0.05 * |
| Negative | 71 (97.3) | 76 (71.7) | 147 (82.1) | |
| Smoking | ||||
| Yes | 45 (59.2) | 46 (43) | 91 (49.7) | 0.03 * |
| No | 31 (40.8) | 61 (57) | 92 (50.3) | |
| Chronic antacid use | ||||
| Yes | 16 (21.6) | 36 (35) | 52 (29.4) | 0.06 |
| No | 58 (78.4) | 67 (65) | 125 (70.6) | |
| Drug addiction | ||||
| Yes | 18 (23.7) | 13 (13.1) | 31 (17.7) | 0.07 |
| No | 58 (76.3) | 86(86. 9) | 144 (82.3) | |
| History of TB contact | ||||
| Yes | 34 (45.3) | 27 (26.7) | 61 (34.7) | 0.01 * |
| No | 41 (54.7) | 74 (73.3) | 115 (65.3) | |
| Previous TB treatment outcome | ||||
| Defaulter | 17 (23.9) | 43 (40.2) | 60 (33.7) | |
| Failure | 45 (63.4) | 10 (9.3) | 55 (30.9) | <0.05 * |
| Completed | 7 (9.9) | 16 (15) | 23 (12.9) | |
| Cured | 2 (2.8) | 38 (35.5) | 40 (22.5) | |
| Diabetes mellitus (DM) | ||||
| Yes | 12(15.8) | 18(17) | 30 (16.5) | 0.83 |
| No | 64(84.2) | 88(83) | 152 (83.5) | |
| Asthma | ||||
| Yes | 3 (3.9) | 25 (24) | 28 (15.6) | <0.05 * |
| No | 73 (96.1) | 79 (76) | 152 (84.4) | |
| History of imprisonment | ||||
| Yes | 22 (28.9) | 16 (15.1) | 38 (20.9) | 0.02 * |
| No | 54 (71.1) | 90 (84.9) | 144 (79.1) | |
| Chronic alcohol drinker | ||||
| Yes | 36 (47.4) | 31 (29) | 67 (36.6) | 0.01 * |
| No | 40 (52.6) | 76 (71) | 116 (63.4) | |
| Snuff Chewing | ||||
| Yes | 38 (50) | 42 (39.3) | 80 (43.7) | 0.15 |
| No | 38 (50) | 65 (60.7) | 103 (56.3) |
NB: p-values were calculated from Chi-square (ꭓ2) or Fisher’s exact test; TB = Tuberculosis; a Not all variables sum up to 183 due to missing data; * statistically significant at p < 0.05.