Fig. 2.

Viral infection directly causes antiviral responses in mast cells in vitro. a BMMCs were stimulated with various concentrations of VSV for 8 h. The levels of mRNA for IFN-α and IFN-β were determined by quantitative-PCR. b The levels of secreted IFN-β, IL-6 and IP-10 in the supernatant of cultures stimulated with the indicated concentrations of VSV for 24 h were measured by ELISA. c IFN-β, IL-6 and IP-10 production upon stimulation with the indicated concentrations of VSV or UV-irradiated VSV for 24 h were measured by ELISA. Means ± SD of 3-5 separate experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, vs. unstimulated cells.