Table 2.
Representative nasally administered influenza vaccine adjuvant and immune responses
| Adjuvant | Receptor | Immune responses | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cholera toxin, CTB | Ganglioside | IgA induction Protection of viral challenge T cell response |
23, 24, 26, 27 |
|
Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin Enterotoxin B subunit |
Ganglioside | IgA induction Protection of viral challenge |
25, 26 |
| PolyI:C | TLR3 RIG-I MDA5 |
IgA induction Protection of viral challenge T cell response |
4 |
| Monophosphoryl lipid A | TLR4 | IgA induction T cell response |
29 |
| Flagellin | TLR5 | IgA induction Protection of viral challenge T cell response |
30, 31 |
| Unmethylated CpG oligodeoxynucleotide | TLR9 | IgA induction Protection of viral challenge T cell response |
32, 33 |
| Cyclic-di-nucleotides | STING | IgA induction Protection of viral challenge T cell response |
46 |
| Type I IFN | IFNAR | IgA induction Protection of viral challenge |
34, 35 |
CTB, cholera toxin B subunit; IFN, interferon; IFNAR, interferon alpha receptor; MDA5, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5; polyI:C, polyinosine-polycytidylic acid; RIG-I, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I; STING, stimulator of interferon genes; TLR, toll-like receptor.