Figure 3.

Overview of various strategies to inhibit PFPs: (a) Small molecules. Chloroquine as a representative molecule. (b) Synthetic nanoparticles. A mold with pockets for PFP binding. (c) Antibodies (Abs), a fragment crystallizable (Fc) region shown in orange and fragment antigen-binding (Fab) regions in pink. (d) Antibody mimetics. Smaller protein molecules derived from antibodies that overcome some of their weaknesses. scFv (single chain fragment variable), a fusion protein of interconnected variable regions of Fab as a representative molecule. (e) Polyvalent inhibitors. Cyclic scaffold (gray) with PFP-binding moieties (red) that positionally match with monomeric protein units in a pore. (f) Receptor-like decoys. Polymeric core enclosed by lipid bilayer containing PFP receptors. (g) Dominant negative mutants. Mutant protein monomer (pink) forms oligomers with the wild-type protein (blue), but such complexes fail to form pores. For clarity, individual schemes are not drawn in proportion.