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. 2019 Sep 14;11(9):859. doi: 10.3390/v11090859

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© 2019 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Genomic structures of all recombinant circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus lineages characterized so far. A schematic view of the genetic organization of the poliovirus genomes is given in the upper panel (see also Figure 1). The presence of vaccine-derived sequences is indicated (mutated Sabin 1, 2, of 3 sequences) as well as the non-vaccine sequences derived from other species C enteroviruses (EV-Cs). Colors and patterns differentiate EV-C sequences that differed significantly from each other. Non-vaccine sequences showing similarity with those of co-circulating coxsackieviruses A (CV-A11, -A13, -A17) are indicated. Data are modified from [73] (Egypt), [67] (Greece), [68] (Hispaniola), [69] (Philippines), [71,72] (Nigeria), [65,66,70,76] (Madagascar), [120] (Cambodia). The location of the six recombinant hotspots identified by experimental studies of genetic exchanges between poliovirus and enteroviruses is indicated by grey rectangles [77,121,122] (see further in the text).