Table 3.
Clonal characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Malaysia.
| A. Community- and Hospital-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Malaysia | |||||
| Year | MRSA/MSSA | SCCmec (%) | Sequence Type (ST) | Origin | Reference |
| 2003, 2004 | MRSA | III (78.8) IV (18.2) Untypable (3.0) |
N/A | N/A | [16] |
| 2003, 2006, 2007 | MRSA | IV IVE |
ST6, ST30 ST22, ST1178, ST1179 |
HA, CA | [74] |
| 2003, 2008 | MRSA | III (90.0) IV (9.0) V (1.0) |
(ST239, ST772, ST6, ST22, ST1178) * | HA, CA | [18] |
| 2003, 2004, 2007, 2008 | MRSA | NA | ST5, ST6, ST20, ST22, ST80, ST239 | NA | [75] |
| 2006–2007 | MRSA | III (41.7) IIIA (52.8) V (5.5) |
ST239 ST239 ST1, ST772 |
HA, CA | [68] |
| 2006–2008 | MRSA | III (96.8) IV (3.2) |
NA ST30, ST22, ST45, ST80, ST101, ST188, ST1284, ST1285, ST1286, ST1287, ST1288 |
HA, CA | [69] |
| 2007–2008 | MRSA | III (20.0) IIIA (72.8) V (5.7) IVh (1.5) |
(ST239, ST1, ST7, ST22, ST188, ST1283) * | NA | [67] |
| 2008 | MSSA | - | ST1, ST3, ST5, ST8, ST9, ST12, ST15, ST18, ST20, ST25, ST45, ST80, ST88, ST97, ST121, ST152, ST188, ST231, ST239, ST427, ST508, ST769, ST833, ST1050, ST1153 | HA, CA | [76] |
| 2008–2010 | MRSA | III (91.4) IV (2.9) V (5.7) |
(ST239, ST772) * | N/A | [77] |
| MSSA | - | ST1, ST7, ST30, ST239, ST508, ST779, ST1179, ST1659 | |||
| 2009 | MRSA | II (0.4) III (94.5) IV (3.4) V (1.7) |
ST239 ST239 ST30, ST1178 ST772 |
N/A | [78] |
| 2009 | MRSA | III (72.0) IV (2.5) V (1.3) II (0.3) Untypable (9.7) Novel (14.2) |
N/A | NA | [20] |
| 2010 | MRSA | III (78.5) IV (21.5) |
N/A | NA | [79] |
| 2011–2012 | MRSA | III (81.1) IV (12.6) II (0.6) V (5.7%) |
N/A | NA | [21] |
| 2011–2012 | MRSA | II (0.9) III (66.5) IV (28.2) V (3.3) Untypable (0.9) |
NA ST239 ST1, ST6, ST22, ST1137 ST5, ST772 ST239, ST508 |
HA, CA | [80] |
| 2013 | MRSA | III (55.2) I (1.5) IV (29.9) V (11.9) Untypable (1.5) |
ST239 ST152 ST6, ST22, ST30, ST1179 ST1, ST45, ST772, ST951 ST5 |
HA, CA | [22] |
| 2015–2017 | MRSA | IVa (35.0) IVc (2.7) V (2.7) II (2.7) Untypable (57.0) |
N/A | CA | [81] |
| B. Livestock-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Isolates in Malaysia | |||||
| Year | Livestock | Prevalence (%) | SCCmec (%)/Sequence Type (ST) | Origin | Reference |
| N/A | Raw chicken meat | S. aureus (24.0) | N/A | LA | [82] |
| N/A | Cat and dog | MRSA (11.7) | N/A | LA | [83] |
| N/A | Cat and dog | MRSA (1.9) | N/A | LA | [84] |
| N/A | Chicken | MRSA (18.0) | N/A | LA | [85] |
| N/A | Piglet | MRSA (2.4) | N/A | LA | [86] |
| 2007–2008 | Cat and dog | MRSA (8.0) | N/A | LA | [87] |
| N/A | Horse | S. aureus (44.0) | N/A | LA | [88] |
| 2010 | Chicken | S. aureus (1.0) | ST692 | LA | [89] |
| 2014 | Cat and dog | MRSA in cat (7.7) MRSA in dog (11.7) |
N/A | LA | [90] |
| N/A | Pig | MRSA (1.4) | V (100.0)/ST9 | LA | [91] |
| N/A | Pig |
S. aureus (24.6) MRSA (0.8) |
N/A | LA | [92] |
* Sequence type not correlated with SCCmec type; ST, sequence type; MRSA, methicillin-resistant S. aureus; MSSA, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus; CA, community-associated; HA, hospital-associated; LA, livestock-associated; N/A, not available.