Table 1.

A summary of published literature on the detection of GH using biosensors with optical and electrochemical detection techniques.

Biosensor Surface	Detection Technique	Limit of Detection	Reference
Silica-on-silicon (SOS) with a cascaded waveguide coupler	Evanescent wave-based fluoroimmunoassay	25 ng/mL	[38]
Gold nanoparticles synthesized in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic chip	LSPR-based immunoassay	3.7 ng/mL	[39]
Anti-hGH coated with near-infrared quantum dots	SPRi (SPR imaging)- & Nano-SPRi-based immunoassay	0.03 ng/mL–100 ng/mL	[40]
Anti-hGH-modified interferometer	Bimodal waveguide interferometry-based immunoassay	10 pg/mL	[41]
Nano-integrated suspended polymeric microfluidics (SPMF) platform	Microcantilever-based immunoassay	2 ng/mL	[42]
Anti-hGH modified gold surfaces	SPR-based immunoassay	6 ng/mL	[43]
Anti-hGH modified gold surfaces	SPR-based immunoassay	1-6 ng/mL	[44]
Gold nanoparticles immobilized on gold electrodes using 1,6-hexanedithiol	EIS-based immunoassay	0.64 pg/mL	[45]
Sandwich-based immunoassay using horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-labeled secondary antibody	SPR, pulsed amperometry (PA), electrochemically-assisted chemiluminescence (ECL), CV	0.051 nM by SPR 0.027 nM by PA 0.061 nM by ECL 0.056 nM by CV	[46]
Tosyl-activated magnetic microparticles on screen-printed gold electrodes	Square-wave voltammetry (SWV) of 4-aminophenyl phosphate as the substrate of alkaline phosphatase	0.005 ng/mL	[47]
Protein A-gold binding domain fusion protein	SPR-based immunoassay	90 ng/mL	[48]
Anti-hGH immobilized on gold surfaces	PA & CV	75 nM by PA 108 nM by CV	[49]
Oriented anti-hGH-modified gold surfaces using biotin-streptavidin	SPR-based immunoassay	0.9 ng/mL for 22K and 20K hGH isoforms	[50]
Plasmonic gold decorated multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite	LSPR-based immunoassay	1 ng/mL	[51]
Carbon fiber microelectrode	Differential pulse voltammetry for in vivo and ex vivo measurements using rats	2 µg/µL	[52]
Anti-GH modified SPCE	EIS-based immunoassay	5 pg/mL	This work